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B7 Non-communicable Diseases (non-communicable diseases cannot be passed…
B7 Non-communicable Diseases
non-communicable diseases cannot be passed on from one person to another
they contribute to more deaths and affect more people than communicable diseases
in 2012, only 3 of the top 10 leading causes of death were communicable
non-communicable diseases have a high financial cost
to the individual and their family
wage-earner becomes ill and cannot work
to a local community
taxes to cover costs
supporting affected families
to a nation
expense of treating the ill
loss in money earnt when lots of the population are ill
to the global economy
when disease affects the young, working age population
risk factors for different non-communicable diseases vary
inherited genes
age
lifestyle
diet/ obesity
level of exercise
smoking/ alcohol
environment
inhaling
carcinogens
second hand tobacco smoke
ionising radiation
sun UV light
Causal Mechanisms
Correlation
similarities in the patterns between non-communicable diseases with lifestyle factors
suggests a link or relationship between the two factors
but does not prove that one thing is a
cause
of another
e.g. a correlation between smoking and lung cancer /cardiovascular disease
as no. of cigarettes smoked increases, the death rate from lung cancer/ cardiovascular disease increases
once a correlation is noticed, research is carried out to find a possible
causal link
causal mechanism explains how one factor influences another through a biological process
if causal link is demonstrated, shows a link between the two
e.g. causal link between smoking and lung cancer
carcinogens in smoke affects the cells in the lungs
for some non-communicable diseases, causal mechanisms have not been proved yet
Cancer
Tumours
normal cells divide in a controlled process of mitosis
when cells divide rapidly and uncontrollably, it result in a
tumour
a
tumour
is a mass of abnormally growing cells
Benign Tumour
contained in one place
usually within a membrane
does not invade other body parts
can grow very large and quickly
dangerous if it causes damage or pressure to an organ
e.g. tumours can compress the brain as they have no space to grow
not cancer
Malignant Tumour
spreads to surrounding healthy tissue
disrupts and damages normal tissues
cancer
fatal if untreated
may spread to other parts of the bodyd
clumps of tumour cells can break away and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system
circulates to other body parts forming secondary tumours
difficult to treat
cancer cells grow faster and live longer than normal cells
tumours have their own blood supply to grow even biggen
cells divide uncontrollably (too fast and not stopping)
cells don't die (no brakes)
Causes
Mutations
- changes in the cell's genetic material
genetic factors
e.g. breast or ovarian cancers
some people are at a higher risk than others
predisposition
carcinogens
e.g. tar in tobacco, alcohol, ionising radiation
chemicals that are cancer-causing (risk factor) agents
ionising radiation
sources of radiation
X-rays
e.g. UV light exposure causing skin cancers (melanomas)
radioactive materials
radon gas (in granite rock) is particularly dangerous as it is taken into the body
radiation directly penetrates into lung cells
found in soil, air and water
accidents in nuclear power stations
Chernobyl, Ukraine 1986
radiation spreads over wide areas
radiation penetrates the cells and damages the chromosome
ionising radiation is carcinogenic
virus infections
cause 15% of human cancers
HPV virus causes cervical cancer
teenagers are now vaccinated against HPV
cells may mutate by
chance
during natural cell division
a gene may be damaged, lost or copied twice
Treatment
Radiotherapy
cancer cells destroyed by targeted doses of radiation
stops cancer cell mitosis
also damages healthy cells
Chemotherapy
chemicals used to stop cancer cells dividing or make them 'self destruct'
damages healthy cells too
skin, hair follicles and digestive system lining are affected as they are replaced often
chemicals circulates in bloodstream and targets rapidly dividing cells
Smoking
cigarette smoke contains 4000 different chemicals
150 chemicals have been linked to disease
some chemicals are absorbed into the bloodstream
carried around body and to the brain
Nicotine
addictive substance
relatively harmless
produces a sensation of calm and well being
Carbon Monoxide
poisonous gas
replaces oxygen in the red blood cells
after smoking, it takes up 10% of the blood
leads to breathlessness
Tar
sticky black chemical accumulates in lungs
turns lungs pink to black
increases risk of bronchitis (bronchi infection)
tar build up breaks down delicate alveoli
causes COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
reduces SA:V of lungs
severe breathlessness and death
tar is a carcinogen
increases risk of lung cancer
causes other breathing system cancers (throat, larynx and trachea)
chemicals
anaesthetise
the
cilia
in trachea and bronchi
cilia prevented from wafting up the
mucus
dirt and pathogens enter the lungs
increases infection risk
mucus builds up in airways
causes coughing
during Pregnancy
if pregnant mother smokes, foetus will not get enough oxygen to grow properly
premature births
low birthweight babies
stillbirths (born dead)
700 stillbirths in UK a year due to smoking
The He:<3:rt
a causal link is shown between smoking and cardiovascular disease
smoking narrows blood vessels in the skin
ages the skin
nicotine increases the heart rate
some chemicals damage lining of arteries
increases coronary heart disease risk
higher risk of blood clots
some chemical causes increased blood pressure
a combination of factors leads to suffering of cardiovascular disease
heart attacks and strokes
Diet and Exercise
your weight and exercise levels can affect the risk of various diseases
Diet
if you eat more food than you need, the excess is stored as fat
some fat is used to cushion internal organs and as an energy store
regularly eating too much will make you overweight and then
obese
carry to much weight is inconvenient and uncomfortable
Obesity
increases risk of certain diseases
Type 2 Diabetes
restore normal blood glucose
by eating a balanced diet and control carbohydrate comsumption
doing regular exercise
lose weight
High Blood Pressure
Heart Disease
Exercise
exercising uses the food eaten in respiration for muscle movement
people who exercise often are fitter than those who don't
bigger
muscles
up to 40% body mass
muscle tissue needs more energy than body fat
increases your
metabolic rate
less likely to be
overweight
1 more item...
bigger
hearts
better blood supply
bigger
lungs
regular exercising reduces risk of certain diseases
Type 2 diabetes
disease is more common with age and some people with a genetic tendency
lack of exercise and obesity also increases risk
blood sugar levels are not controlled
not enough insulin produced
cells stop responding to insulin
leads to other heath problems
circulation problems
kidney function
eyesight
may be fatal
Cardiovascular Disease
blood cholesterol levels lowers and balances other cholesterol
reduces risk of fatty deposits in coronary arteries
Alcohol
alcohol (ethanol) is a commonly used social drug :champagne: :wine_glass:
alcohol is very addictive
leads to
long term
drinking and damage to the brain and liver
Brain
brain may become soft and pulpy
normal brain structures are lost
cannot function properly
leads to death
Liver
cirrhosis
of the liver
liver tissue is destroyed
replaced with scar tissue
cannot carry out vital functions
alcohol is a
carcinogen
liver cancer
spreads quickly and hard to treat
alcohol is
poisonous
but the liver can remove it before permanent damage or death
ethanol is absorbed into the blood from the gut and travels around the body
travels to brain and affects the nervous system
slows down reactions, thought processes and reflexes
small amount makes people relaxed, cheerful and reduces inhibitions
larger amounts lead to lack of self-control and judgement
during
Pregnancy
alcohol passes through the placenta to the foetus in pregnant women
miscarriage
stillbirths
premature births
low birthweight
developing liver can't cope with alcohol
brain and body development is badly affected (especially in early pregnancy stages)
fetal alcohol syndrome
problems with teeth, jaw or hearing
kidney, liver and heart problems
facial deformities
learning and developmental problems
a 'safe' amount you can drink is unknown
the more you drink, the higher risk to the baby