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2-History (Units (Gray (1 joule/kg), Sievert (grey times by Q,…
2-History
Units
Gray
1 joule/kg
Sievert
grey times by Q, dimensionless quantity depending on particle type.
alpha is high Q value
Bq
Path to nuclear physics
Becquerel first discovered radioactivity
Rutherford understood alpha beta gamma decay
Marie Curie found radium
Average binding energy plot
Heavy nuclei have binding energy ~8Mev/nucleon
Max at A=56
Local peaks when A=4n
Masses
Atomic
Usually ok to assume nuclear and atomic mass are the same
Nuclear
No electrons
Unified Mass constant (u)
Carbon 12 is exactly 12u
actual mass is on formula sheet
Radium and radon and U chain
Starts with U238, ends with 206Pb
Radon gas in the middle of the chain
Alpha emitter with 3 day half life, can get into lungs
Major background radiation
Decay
Decay towards line of stability
Isobars have same A
Isotones have same N
Line of stability