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Antimicrobial Surfaces (Anti-protein coatings (Issues (Protein resistance,…
Antimicrobial Surfaces
Anti-protein coatings
Avoid pre-conditioning protein layer
Hydrophillic coatings
Proteins do not disrupt H2O layer
PEG, polyglycerol
Omniphobic coatings
Self-cleaning
Repels water and proteins
Issues
Long-term stability
Toxic effects
Polymer contaminants
Toxic polymer released from coatings
Immune response
Antibody development
Long exposure
Protein resistance
Complicated
Many different proteins
Many different interactions
Polymer coatings
Repel proteins with steric forces
Active antimircobial surfaces
Silver-based coatings
Broad-spectrum antimicrobial
Binds -SH groups on vital enzymes
Damages microbial membrane
Intercalates within DNA
Nanoparticles supported on the surface
Issues
Long-term toxicity unknown
Trap close to surface?
Can kill cells involved in wound healing
Accumulation in distant areas
Polymer-based coatings
Polymeric Biocides
Active molecules
Antimicrobial properties grafted on
Polymer backbone tethered to surface
Localised use
Decreased resistance potential
Lower toxicity
Increased availability
Issues
Polymerisation of the antimicrobial may deactivate
Strong dependence on grafting
Biocidal Polymers
Inactive monomer
Polymer displays antimicrobial activite
2 parts
Hydrophobic
Positively charged hydrophillic
Usually rigid backbone
Issues
Unknown working system so difficult to optimise
Antimicrobial peptide mimics
Form structural analogy to membrane-active protein
Molecule enters lipid membrane and disrupts
Biocide-Releasing Polymers
Active molecule released from backbone
Implementation of various biocides possible
Releases only when required
Minimisation of resistance
Lower toxicity
Issues
Long-term effectiveness
Aim to kill the bacteria upon attachment
Topographical antimircobial surfaces
Bacteria need to spatially organise to form a biofilm
Topography can force a different organisation
Size-dependent
Features ~ size of bacteria
Advantages
No intrinsic toxicity
No mechanism to develop resistance
General, highly applicable strategy
Long-term efficacy unknown
Protein layer may cover features
Other mechanisms
Disruption of QS
Force a low critical A conc.
Bacteria disperse before maturation
Avoids toxicity
Viable long-term
Vastly unexplored
Help tissue to establish before bacteria
Biocompatibility-enhancing surfaces
BUT may also promote bacterial growth