The legacy of the Crusades by 1204
religion
warfare
trade and knowledge
Muslim Near East
Byzantine Empire
Latin West
Before crusades
Influence on Holy Roman Empire
Investiture Controversy
Pope Gregory VII had started church reform but being thwarted by German kings
Godfrey of Bouillon signed up for first crusade
not a German King but supported HRE in Investiture Controversy
victory for Pope urban to have some sort of German support
later crusades
HRE conrad went on to join second crusade w/ Frederick Barbarossa
Frederick Barbarossa joined 3rd crusade
FB's son created his own crusade in 1197
Bringing together Catholic and Orthodox churches
always on the minds of popes even if not main aim
capture of Constantinople meant Orthodox now under Catholic Church so resolved this problem
not permanently
Desire to go on crusades
focus on Jerusalem and remission of sins offered were both big draws
sacrifice of nobility
FB died = bad for leadership in Europe
Richard was captured after his crusade
created infighting and conflict with church over whether they should protect lands of crusaders because Richard's lands were taken
Violence against Jews
crusades may have increased this behaviour
jews looked to Princes and kings to protect them but often let down
Money extorted from Jews during preaching of First and Second Crusade
Richard's coronation = break out against Jews in London and later Massacre in York
First Crusaders not prepared to fight against Muslims
Warfare in Europe was very different
Raids followed by scorched earth policy
destroy crops and kill peasants to reduce chance of enemy's survival
sometimes included capture but not killing
Improving against Muslim "hit and run" tactics
evident through Richard's march south along coast of Levant and Victory at Arsuf
improved in siege warfare w/ leaders like Godfrey adapting siege engines (during 1st crusade)
Building castles
crusaders took over muslim castles and learnt from their designs
passed knowledge to Europe
birthed concentric castle in Europe
Edward I of England built these to subjugate Welsh in 13th century
early form of banking
military orders allowed crusaders to deposit in West and pick up money in the East
Before crusades
italian sea powers controlled trade
Learnt about trade through having ports in east
increased volume and variety of goods going to the West
trade in sugar spices and coffee dated back to this period
Alexandria most important port for trade
Acre challenged this
trade could only flourish in times of peace which crusaders learnt quickly
focus on Egypt of crusades underlines importance of trade
spread of medical ideas to West
after Roman Empire medical knowledge regressed
by 11th century Jewish and Arabic medical knowledge making it's way to Europe
basis of modern mathematics came from Arabic numerals
Death of Saladin lead to Factionalism
sons claimed various parts of his lands
main centres were Egypt, Damascus and Aleppo
Al-Aziz and az-Zahir united to fight against al-Afdal
al-Afdil turned to Saladin's brother al-Adil
succession of fights between these four men
al-Adil eventually recognised as sultan and was in power at the time of 4th Crusade
feared capture of Constantinople would mean further attacks on Muslim lands
crusaders were released of their oaths so settled in Byzantium
men in Outremer looked Constantinople for land instead
attacks between Outremer and Muslims after 4th crusade
neither sides in a position to gain victory
made truce instead
when this was broken in 1204 through piracy al-Adil and Aimery of Lusignan both quick to renew it
Muslim rulers didn't want to provoke another crusade
Military orders would flex muscles but peace would remain until 1210s
Baldwin fulfilled March Pact
600 vassals enfeoffed with lordships (part feudal and part Jerusalem)
Greek ruling elite replaced with Franks
a lot of acquired land would not be conquered
Three successor states took place of Constantinople
Trebizond and along Black Sea by Andronikos grandsons
Epirus took Thessalonica from Montferrats
3rd centred around Nicaea set up by Alexios III's daughter and husband
gathered exiles from Constantinople
made Nicaea new seat for Byzantine Empire
expanded lands into Asia Minor
took constantinople in 1261
Bulgarians
broken away from Byzantine Empire in 1185
natural ally because would willingly have worked with Westerners against greeks
Baldwin claimed some Bulgarian land
Battle of Adrianople 1205: greeks and Bulgars almost destroyed Latin Army
Baldwin Captured and never seen again
his brother henry was more able to steady Latin rule
1204: things seemed to be going well
latins ruled Byzantium
Orthodox and Latin churches united
Pope Innocent young and Energetic so hope that Jerusalem could be retaken
previous events show that events in Europe would take precedence over crusading
after death of Henry VI German crusade returned fearful of what might happen to their lands
Richard had to return from 3rd crusade to stop Philip and John
Innocent turned attention to Cathars
in city of Albi
although christian they were seen as Heretics
20 year campaign against them
very political b//c land and influence going to victors
Children's crusade
instigated by peasant farm boy who received visions
crusaders sold into slavery before they left Italy
shows that crusading spirit still there
Other crusades
FB's son became king of Jerusalem and negotiated it's acquisition in 1229
King Louis IX of France launched crusade and Edward I would go whilst still a prince
remained in Christian hands until 1244