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Reproductive System (anatomy of male reproductive structures/ male…
Reproductive System
anatomy of male reproductive structures/ male accessory organs
testes
males primary sex organ
produces sperm (male gamete)
functions to produce and disseminate large quantity of male game
ductus system
delivery of male gamete (sperm)
epididymis
ductus deferens (vas deferens)
urethra
accessory organ
secondary sex organs
seminal vesicle
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland
external genitalia
penis
scrotum
coverings of testes
tunica albuginea
capsule surrounding the testes
septa
extension of the capsule that extends into the testis and divide it into the lobules
testes
each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tobules
tightly coiled structures
functions as sperm- producing factories
Sertoli cells provide nutrients and supportive function
empty sperm into the rete testis
sperm travels through the rete testis to the epididymis
interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
found surrounding seminiferous tubules produce androgens (male hormones) such as testosterone
the journey of the sperm starts in the seminiferous tubule
spermatogenesis
production of sperm cells
begins at puberty and continues throughout life
takes about 64-72 days
produces sevral hundred million sperm each day
spermatozoa (mature sperm) move to epididymis for further maturation and storage
anatomy of sperm
head
contains nucleus with DNA inside
acrosome
anterior portion of head, contains enzyme needed for penetration the female egg
midpiece
contains mitochondria that provide energy, ATP, for journey through the female reproductive system
flagella
only human cell with a tail
propels spermatocyte
allows for sperm to swim
regions of the penis
root
attached to body wall
shaft
the body and it is the free movable portion of the penis
glans penis
contains urethral opening
prepuce
foreskin
internal structure of penis
pair of corpora cavernosa
surrounds blood vessels which contain most of the blood during erection
corpora spongiosum
surrounds the urethra
Anatomy of female/male reproductive structures
ovaries
females primary sex organ
produces egg or ova (female gamete)
almond shaped
fibriuos capsule is called tunica albuginea
outer cortex houses developing female gamete
inner medulla contains loose connective tissue
male accessory organs: various ducts and tubes which act as delivery system for the male gamete
produces and secretes seminal fluids
external genitalia made up of the penis and the scrotum
epididymis
comma-shaped, tightly coiled
found on the superior part of the testis and also posterior lateral side
functions to mature and store sperm cells
at least 20 days
expels sperm with the contraction of muscles of the epididymis to the vas deferens
vas deferens
also called ductus deferens
carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
passes through the inguinal canal and over the urinary bladder
moves sperm by peristalsis
spermatic cord
made up ductus deferens , blood vessels and nerves surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
vasectomy cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes to prevent transportation of sperm
urethra
extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis (7-8 inches long)
carries both sperm and urine
sperm enters from the ejaculactory duct
semen
milky white, sticky mixture of secretions from many glands
typical ejaculation releases 2-5 ml
alkalinity
provide transport medium for sperm
inhibit bacterial multiplication
seminal vesicle
produces a thick, alkaline, yellowish secretion
60% of volume of semen
located at the base of the urinary bladder
contains fructose, vitamin C, and other substances that nourish and activate the sperm
prostate gland
secrets a milky fluid that helps activate sperm
encircles the upper part of the urethra
shape of chest nut and makes up 25% of semen
bulbourethral
also called cowpers gland
located at the base of the penis below the prostate
secrete an alkaline mucus in response to sexual stimulation and lubricates penis for penetration just before ejaculation
make up 5% of semen
scrotum
divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that holds the testes
maintains testes at 3 degrees celcius lower than normal body temp. to protect sperm viability
regulates temp. of testes
penis
tubular organ through which distal portion of urethra passes
conducts urine to exterior
delivers semen into female reproductive tract
ductus system
delivery of female gamete
uterine tube
uterus
vagina
external genitalia
mons pubis
labia
vestibule
clitoris
support for ovaries
suspensory ligaments
secure ovaries to lateral wall of pelvis
ovarian ligament
attach to uterus
broad ligament
encloses suspensory ligament
oogenesis
process of producing ova or egg cells
ovu8lation or ability to release eggs begins at puberty
reproductive ability ends at menopause
oocytes
matured in developing ovarian follicle
female accessory organ
prepare for implantation
delivery of the fetus during child birth
nurtures the baby after birth
uterine tube
receives the ovulated oocyte
provide a site for fertilization
where fertilization occurs
uterus
located between the urinary bladder and rectum
hollow organ
functions
receive fertilized egg
retain the fertilized egg
nourished the fertilized egg
support for uterus
broad ligament
attached to the pelvis
round ligament
anchor interiorly
uterosacral ligament
anchored posteriorly
vagina
extends from cervix to exterior body
behind bladder and infront of rectum
external genetalia
also called vulva
mons pubis
labia
vestibule
clitoris
mammary gland
found in both sexes but ceases to develop in males
Major functions of the reproductive system
reproduction
process by which new individuals of a species are produced
sexual reproduction
reproduction involving two parents
fertilization
fusion of egg and sperm produces a zygote
gonads
primary sex organ which produces specialized cells called gametes (sex cells)
female reproduction system
functions in production of female gamete and preparation for support of developing embryo during pregnancy
Hormones of the reproductive system
Male Sex Hormones
leutinizing hormone (LH)
stimulates seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
at puberty stimulates Sertoli cells for sperm production and maturation
both LH and FSH are released by the anterior pituitary gland in the brain
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
triggered by low levels of testosterone
controlled by negative feedback
testosterone
stimulates reproductive organ development and sex drive
causes secondary sex characteristics
deepening of voice
increase hair growth
enlargement of skeletal muscles
thickening of bones
inhibin
released by testes when high levels of testosterone are present to release stimulate hypothalamus to release gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (GnIH) to stop production of LH and FSH
female sex hormones
gonadotropin releasing Hormone
released by the hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
stimulates the development and maturation of primary foillicle into secondary follicle
lutenizing hormone
spike of hormone will trigger ovulation of the most mature follicle
both LH and FSH
released by anterior pituitary gland
inhibin
decrease release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
estrogen
primary female sex hormone released by follicle
progesterone
triggers suppression of the hypothalamus from releasing GnHR
events of the female hormonal cycle
reproductive cycle
typical cycle runs 24-35 days
two cycles
ovarian cycle
occurs in the ovaries leading to the maturation and ovulation of the mature oocyte
follicular phase
day 1-14
extends from the beginning of the menstruation until ovulation
FSH causes follicular cells develop in primary follicle
ovulation
day 14
triggered by sudden spike increase in LH
Graafian follicle release the oocyte
luteal phase
day 15-28
when follicle expels the oocyte the empty shell becomes corpus luteum
uterine cycle
occurs in the uterus to prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum
menstruation
day 1-5
decline of estrogen and progesterone cause the spiral arteries to constrict
proliferative
day 6-14
estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of the endometrium causing it to double the thickness
secretory
day 15-28
in response to rising levels of progesterone by the corpus luteum the uterus becomes ready for pregnancy
disorders of the reproductive system
Sexually Transmitted Disease
infections which are capable of being spread from person to person
through sexual intercourse
oral- genital contact in non-sexual ways
symptoms
no symptoms
sores or blood in urine
burning sensation during urination
rashes and itching
bumps
warts
chlamydia
most common STD
CAUSED BY BACTERIA
can be cured by antibiotcs
male symptoms
discharge
burning during urination
female symptoms
no symptoms
white or gray vaginal discharge
gonorrhea
caused by bacteria
spread from close sexual contact
can be spread from mother to child during child birth
male symptoms
yellow or white discharge
burning or pain during urination
female symptoms
yellow or white discharge from vagina
bleeding between periods
syphilis
goes symptomless for years
caused by bacteria and be can cured with antibiotics in early stages
spread from person to person thru direct contact
genital herpes
caused by 2 viruses
passed thru anal or oral sex
symptoms
sores
death or painless rashes
blindness
treatable with antibiotics
mycoplasma genitalium
pelvic inflammatory disease and infection of the uterus
sexually transmitted
symptoms
severe pain in the lower abdomen
nausea or vomitting
curable if diagnosed early
preventable by using condoms
trichomoniasis
sexually transmitted disease that is also known as trich
caused by a parasite
symptoms
women: fool-smelling vaginal discharge
crabs
a form of lice that are tiny parasites insects that feed on blood
transmitted thru sexual contact or clothing
symptoms
itching
skin irritation
red spots on the skin
treatments
using over the counter prescription
prevention: abstinence
scabies
a very contagious type of skin desease
parasite
transmission: skin or physical contact
symptoms
skin has red bumps
and rashes
treatment: curable with oral medication
prevention: wash fabric base items with hot water
AIDS
damages your immune system and it can get worse over time
caused by a virus
can be sexually transmitted or thru the sharing of needles
symptoms
fatigue, night sweats, weight loss
treatment
oral medication
prevention: protected sex