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Lecture 13b: Gender (Sources of these differences (Role of parents…

- - - - children model stereotyped behaviours
      - this reinforces the diff gender stereotypes
- - - - boys more active focus less in class compared to girls
      - on national level, girls may perform worse due to stereotype threat
    - - in a study, mothers completed daily checklists where they reported how often they assisted the child
      - results: moms provide more help to daughters than sons
    - - Achievement test scores (national level): boys=girls
      - girls put in more effort than boys
      - Girls' grades better than boys in school
      - Perceived competence
        
        English & history: girls perceive themselves as better than boys
        
        Math & science: girls perceive themselves worse than boys even though they may actually be better
      - Achievement gap
        
        Boys lose interest in school starting in elementary years-->less men than women in college
    - - Parents also perceive girls to be better than boys at english but poorer in math
      - how competent different genders perceive themselves to be mirrors parental perceptions
  - - - excessive discussion of problems within a dyadic relationship
      - co-rumination increases among girls in adolescence and leads to greater emotional distress
      - girls spend more time in dyads-->co ruminate more
    - - Anxiety more common in girls than boys
      - Depression more common in girls than boys in adolescence
      - Relatively equal on empathy/prosocial behaviour
      - Girls more emotionally expressive than boys
    - - Gender segregation
      - Group norms
  - - - Biological mutation
        
        they are more likely to be tomboys and show rougher play
        
        Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia girls-->ambiguous genitalia
      - Auyeng et al
        
        Asked mothers to report on children's play behaviour
        
        Results: Fetal testosterone predicts male-typical play
        
        Collected amniotic fluid of over 200 pregnant women collected 8-24 weeks of gestation & measured fetal testosterone levels
      - Prenatal Gonadal Hormone Exposure
    - - Boys more aggressive than girls
      - toy preferences from 2 yrs old
      - boys more active than girls
      - Boys prefer toys high on activity stimulation & aggressive play
- - - - Showed children videos of a man and a woman to measure how long they looked at same sex vs opposite sex
      - Results
        
        children who don't have gender constancy look equally at both models
        
        children who have gender constancy look longer at same-sex model
      - Measured children's gender constancy
        
        eg. "if you wear a dress, are you a boy/girl?"
    - - Gender stability (3.5-4.5yrs)
        
        stable over time but not situations
      - Gender consistency (4.5-7yrs)
        
        Stable across situations
      - Gender labeling (2-3.5yrs)
        
        "boy", "he","she", "girl"
  - - - strongly identify as either masculine or feminine
    - - perceived more acceptable for women than men
      - in childhood, peers tend to reject children who engage in opp sex behaviours
      - def: ppl who identify as both masculine & feminine
      - Later in life, may result in higher self-esteem
    - - prefer gender appropriate activities but don't really think of themselves as masculine/feminine