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Reproductive System (Male Reproductive System-functions to produce and…

- - - - sperm travels through the rete testis to the epididymis
  - - - glans penis(enlarged tip)-contains urethra opening
      - shaft(body)-free, movable portion of penis, contains three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue
      - root-attached to body wall
      - prepuce(foreskin)-fold cut off skin proximal end, often removed in circumcision
      - internal structure of penis
        
        pair of corpora cavernosa- surrounds blood vessel which contain most of the blood during erection
        
        corpora spongiosum- surrounds urethra
  - - - triggered by low levels of testosterone
      - controlled by negative feedback
    - - increased hair growth
      - enlargement of skeletal muscle
      - deepening of the voice
      - thickening of bones
- - - - FSH causes follicular cells develop into primary follicle
      - follicular cells secrete estrogen to become secondary follicle
      - extends from the beginning of menstruation until ovulation
      - only one follicle become graafian follicle
      - day 1-14
    - - menstruation
        
        decline of estrogen and progesterone cause the spiral arteries to constrict, cells become ischemic and die, are sloughed of or shed
        
        bleeding lasts for 3-5 days
        
        day 1-15
      - proliferative phase
        
        estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of the endometrium. causing it to double in thickness
        
        thickening of endometrium allows ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation
        
        day 6-14
      - secretory phase
        
        in response to rising levels of progesterone by corpus luteum the uterus becomes ready for pregnancy
        
        uterine glands enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs
        
        day 15-28
        
        if pregnancy does not occur towards the end of phase LH levels drop due to high levels of progesterone
        
        progesterone levels drop following decline in LH leading into menstrual phase
    - - triggered by sudden spike increase in LH caused by steady increase in estrogen stimulating the pituitary gland
      - graafian follicle release the oocyte
      - day 14
      - slight rise in progesterone just before ovulation causes basal body temperature to rise about 0.4-0.6 degrees Fahrenheit
    - - when follicle expels the oocyte , the empty shell becomes corpus luteum
      - corpus luteum secretes progesterone, some estrogen and inhibin which suppresses FSH
      - day 15-28
      - in the absence of pregnancy corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans causing the decrease in progesterone and estrogen
      - if pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen
  - - - high levels causes release of LH and GnRH
      - thickening of uterine wall
      - low levels causes release of FSH
      - causes secondary sex characteristics
        
        breast development
        
        skeletal muscle growth and bone thickening
        
        widening of hips
        
        appearance of bodily hair
        
        increase in fat beneath the skin
        
        onset on menses
    - - stimulates the development and growth of the lining of the uterine wall to get ready for implantation
  - - - labia majora-outer fold
      - labia minora-inner fold
  - - - retain the fertilized egg
      - nourishes fertilized egg
      - receive a fertilized egg
      - support for uteuus
        
        round ligament-anchor interiorly
        
        uterosacral ligament-anchored posteriorly
        
        Broad ligament-attached to the pelvis
      - regions of uterus
        
        cervix-narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina or opening into the uterus
        
        fundus-area where uterine tube enters
        
        body-main portion
      - walls of uterus
        
        myometrium-middle layer of smooth muscle
        
        perimetrium-outer visceral peritoneum
        
        endometrium
        
        allows for implantation of a fertilized egg
        
        sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs during menses
        
        inner layer
    - - hymen-partially closers the vagina until it is ruptured
  - - - ovarian ligament- attach to uterus
      - broad ligament-encloses suspensory ligament
      - suspensory ligaments-secure ovary to lateral walls of pelvis