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Lecture 13a: Peer Relationships (Development (Developmental trends…

- - - - increase in complex, reciprocal peer interaction
      - over time, decrease in solitary play, parallel play, increase in associative and cooperative play
    - - Form peer groups with informal structure & organisation (leaders within group)
      - interact with peer group on regular basis
      - more cooperative, complex play where games have formal rules
    - - 6-12mth: interest in peers emerge early on
      - 18-24mth: coordinated interactions with peers
      - Increasing social interaction with age
    - - Cliques
        
        characteristics
        
        Provide sense of identity & belonging
        
        Small group of friends with more formal structure
        
        more peer pressure
        
        Members of clique similar in
        
        Levels of "popularity"
        
        Attractiveness
        
        Levels of aggression/shyness
        
        Prosocial behaviour
        
        Academic aspirations
        
        Changes in clique behaviour with age
        
        Unstable cliques-->Stable cliques
        
        Conformity-->Autonomy (where they have own sense of identity)
        
        Same-sex-->Mixed cliques
        
        Single clique-->belong to multiple cliques
        
        Functions
        
        Sense of belonging, self-worth
        
        Part of establishing identity
        
        Have ppl to spend time with
        
        BUT may encourage deviant behaviour
      - Crowds
        
        large reference group with similar stereotypes
      - Sharp increase in time spent with peers
  - - - Challenge ideas & commands
      - Try out new behaviours
      - Express emotions & opinions
    - - Inhibitory control
      - Perspective-taking skills
      - Understanding of display roles
      - Cooperation
      - Emotion regulation/expression
- - - - Neglected
        
        "withdrawn", has interests other than peers
        
        Few positive, few negative
      - Controversial
        
        Many positive, many negative
        
        Prosocial but also disruptive & aggressive (eg. Bully+class clown)
      - Rejected
        
        Aggressive, disruptive, bossy, uncooperative
        
        Anxious, withdrawn
        
        Few positive, many negative
      - Popular
        
        Friendly, cooperative, prosocial
        
        Not aggressive or withdrawn
        
        Many positive, few negative
    - - Nominations technique
        
        positive: eg"who do u like the most"
        
        Negative: eg"who do u like the least"
      - Rating-scale technique
        
        Rate every child on a "likeability" scale
    - - Cultural diff
        
        Prosocial kids typically liked, aggressive kids disliked
        
        China vs US: china is ok to be shy & withdrawn but not in US
      - Stability over time
        
        Overt aggression less likely to result in rejection among older children
        
        Withdrawal behaviours more strongly associated with rejection as kids get older
        
        Children often change sociometric groups (eg. become popular) EXCEPT rejected aggressive kids
        
        Perceived popularity leads to more aggression over time
      - Why
        
        Athletic ability (esp for boys)
        
        temperament (poor emotion regulation-->peer rejection)
        
        physical attractiveness
        
        Social skills (strong predictor of peer relations where poor social skills-->peer rejection)
  - - - depression, low self-esteem
      - antisocial behaviour later in life
      - truancy, dropping out of school
- - - - more likely to pretend and cooperate with friends
      - Increase in cooperative play at this age
      - Friend= person you spend the most time with
    - - Friends are nice to you
      - Friends are ppl who are easier to spend time with
      - Friends are ppl who share your interests, want to play with same toys
    - - Prefer physical proximity of particular children, smile more at them
      - Play side by side
    - - Friends are ppl who are loyal, keep your secrets
      - Friends listen to your problems, make you feel better
      - Appearance of psychological terms like "trust"
      - Expectations of reciprocity