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EARTHQUAKES (LESSON 5.1 THE MOVING EARTH (RISK ANALYSIS PROJECT FOR METRO…
EARTHQUAKES
LESSON 5.1
THE MOVING EARTH
3 LAYERS
CRUST
MANTLE
CORE
2 ZONES
ASTHENOSPHERE
LITHOSPHERE
COMPOSED OF LARGE BLOCKS CALLED " TECTONIC PLATES"
THEORIES
THEORY OF THE CONTINENTAL DRIFT
ALFRED WEGENER
JIGSAW PUZZLES
SOUTH AMERICA AND AFRICA
THEORY OF SEAFLOOR SPREADING
HARRY HESS
"PHYSICALLY IMPOSSIBLE"
2.5 CM PER YEAR
ACTUALLY 11 CM PER YEAR
ACTIVE FAULTS
LIKELY TO GENERATE ANOTHER EQ
ACTIVE- MOVED 1 OR SEVERAL TIMES (10K YEARS)
FAULT= FRACTURE
SUBDUCTION ZONES
WHERE TECTONIC PLATES CONVERGE
CONTINENTAL- CONTINENTAL = CRUMPLE
AVE RATE= 2-8 CM PY
PH- PH PLAT AND EURASIAN PLATE
METRO MANILA EQ IMPACT REDUCTION STUDY (MMEIRS)
FORMULATED OPLAN YAKAL
NOT COMMISSIONED TO FRIGHTEN THE RESIDENTS RATHER:
EVALUATE SEISMIC HAZARDS, DAMAGES, AND VULNERABILITY OF METRO MANILA
PREPARE FRAMEWORK OF MASTER PLAN FOR EQ DISASTER MANAGEMENT
THE BIG ONE
34K DEATHS
600K INJURIES
500 FIRE
-7.2 MAGNITUDE
MONITORED BY:
PHILVOLCS
-JICA
-MMDA
RISK ANALYSIS PROJECT FOR METRO MANILA
RESULTS- MAY 2015
JOINT UNDERTAKING WITH THE AUSTRALIAN GOV THROUGH AUSTRALIAN AID (FORMERLY AUSAID) AND GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA
COVERED 16 CITIES AND 1 MUNICIPALITY
MMANILA, BULACAN, CAVITE, RIZAL, ETC
OBJECTIVES
GAIN A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF THE RISKS FROM NATURAL DISASTERS IN THE GMMA
IDENTIFY WHERE THE RISKS ARE GREATEST
FIND OUT HOW THE DAMAGES CAN BE REDUCED
3 TYPES OF POTENTIAL RISKS
FLOODING IN THE AREAS OF THE PASIG- MARIKINA RIVER BASIN
SEVERE WIND ASSOCIATED WITH THE TYPHOONS
RISK OF A DAMAGING EQ ORIGINATING FROM THE WEST VALLEY FAULT
LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING (LIDAR) SYSTEM
TO MEASURE THE PROFILE OF THE LANDFORM INCLUDING FACTORS SUCH AS TREES, BUILDINGS, AND OTHER STRUCTURES
A DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (DEM)
(SHOWN)
BUILDING TYPES
DENSITY
LAND USE
AGE AND TYPE OF BUILDINGS
FLOOD PROJECTION
CALCULATIONS FROM THE PAST
LESSON 5.3
INTENSITY AND MAGNITUDE
INTENSITY
STRENGTH
EFFECTS
MERCALLI SCALE
INTENSITY ^ = NEAR EPICENTER
ROMAN NUMERALS
DEGREE OF SHAKING
DECREASES WITH DISTANCE
MAGNITUDE
MEASURE OF THEE EQ SIZE
AMOUNT OF ENERGY RELEASED
AMOUNT OF GROUND DISPLACEMENT/ SHAKING
SEISMOGRAPH
ARABIC NUMBERS
RICHTER SCALE
FORCE
EUROPEAN MACROSEISMIC SCALE
FELT RESPONSES
PHILVOLCS EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY SCALE
MEASURES HOW AN EQ IS FELT BASED ON ITS EFFECT ON ITS AREA
SEISMOGRAPH / SEISMOMETER
MEASURES THE STRENGTH OF AN EARTHQUAKE
SEISMOGRAM
INSTRUMENT
RECORD OF SEISMIC WAVES
LESSON 5.2
EQ AND EQ HAZARDS
DEFINITION
SUDDEN MOVEMENT OF THE GROUND THAT RELEASES ELASTIC ENERGY STORED IN ROCKS AND GENERATES SEISMIC WAVES
FOCUS
SPOT WHERE AN EQ BEGAN
EPICENTER
POINT ON THE EARTH'S SURFACE LOCATED DIRECTLY ABOVE THE FOCUS OF AN EQ
EQ HAZARDS
DEFINITIONS
HAZARDS
NATURAL PHENOMENA THAT MIGHT IMPACT AN AREA OR REGION
TERMS OF UNITS OF ENERGY AND STRENGTH
RISK
ANYTHING THAT COULD POTENTIALLY BE LOST WHEN THE HAZARD OCCURS
MEASURE OF FATALITIES OR AMOUNT OF DAMAGE
PRIMARY EQ HAZARDS
GROUND SHAKING
TRIGGER FOR LF & LS
VIBRATION OF THE GROUND WHEN AN EQ OCCURS
RECORDED IN TERMS OF
INTENSITY
LANDSLIDES
LAND SATURATED WITH MORE WATER = MORE LS
ROCK FALL, ROCK SLIDE, DEBRIS SLIDE, SHALLOW DEBRIS SLIDE
4.0 MAGNITUDE = TRIGGER ROCK FALLS
FACTORS:
OVERSTEEPENED SLOPES CREATED BY EROSION IN RIVERS, GLACIERS, OR OCEAN WAVES
ROCK AND SOIL SLOPES WEAKENED THROUGH SATURATION BY HEAVY RAINS
EXCESS WEIGHT FROM THE ACCUMULATION OF RAIN
WEAK SLOPES DUE TO THE STOCKPILING OF ROCK OR ORE FROM WASTE PILES OR FROM HUMAN MADE STRUCTURES
LIQUEFACTION
SAND OR SOIL AND GROUNDWATER ARE MIXED DURING THE SHAKING OF A MODERATE OR STRONG EQ
"QUICKSAND"
RESPONSIBLE FOR TREMENDOUS AMOUNTS OF DAMAGE IN HISTORICAL EQ
SURFACE RUPTURE
HAPPENS WHERE THE FAULT ZONES MOVE
OFFSET OF THE GROUND SURFACE WHEN FAULT RUPTURE EXTENDS TO THE SURFACE
ADJACENT- SURVIVE
ACROSS - COLLAPSE
DEFORMATION ZONES
AREAS OF A ZONE WITH VARIABLE WIDTH WHERE FRACTURES HAVE DEVELOPED
SECONDARY EQ HAZARDS
TSUNAMI
TIDAL WAVE
2 TYPES
LOCALLY GENERATED TSUNAMIS
FROM NEARBY TRENCHES
LESSER TIME FOR THE WAVE TO ARRIVE
FAR FIELD TSUNAMIS
FARTHER FROM THE IMPACT
TAKES HOURS BEFORE THE WAVE ARRIVES
RISK FACTORS
AREA NEAR THE COAST
-ELEVATION IS BELOW SEA LEVEL
ALREADY PRECIOUS TSUNAMI EVENTS
AUTHORITIES ISSUED A TSUNAMI WARNING
SEICHE
STANDING WAVE IN AN ENCLOSED AREAS / ENCLOSED BODY OF WATER
LAKES, RESEVOIRS, SWIMMING POOLS, BAYS, HARBOURS, AND SEAS
FLOODING
FIRE
LESSON 5.5
PRECAUTIONARY AND SAFETY MEASURES
BEFORE
HANG HEAVY ITEMS FAR FROM WHERE PEOPLE MOSTLY OCCUPY
BRACE OVERHEAD LIGHT FIXTURES
REPAIR DEFECTIVES
SECURE WATER HEATERS
-REPAIR CRACKS
STORE SUBSTANCES SAFELY
STRAP AND SECURE BIG FURNITURES
CHECK STABILITY
FAMILIARIZE WITH THE EXIT ROUTES
KNOW WHERE NEEDED MATERIALS
CONDUCT AND PARTICIPATE IN THE REGULAR EQ DRILLS
DURING
INDOORS
DROP, COVER AND HOLD
STAY AWAY FROM ANYTHING THAT CAN FALL
STAY IN BED, DOORWAY
STAY INSIDE UNTIL SHAKING STOPS
GO OUTSIDE
DO NOT USE ELEVATORS
BEWARE OF ELECTRICITY AND SPRINKLES
OUTDOORS
STAY AWAY FROM BUILDINGS, STREETLIGHTS, AND UTILITY WIRES
MOVE AWAY FROM STEEP SLOPES
INSIDE A VEHICLE
STOP
AVOID BUILDINGS,, TREES, OVERPASSES, AND UTILITY WIRES
AVOID ROADS, BRIDGES, OR RAMPS
AT THE BEACH
MOVE TO SAFE GROUNDS
MOVE TO HIGHER GROUNDS (30 M) OR INLAND (3500 M)
AFTER
GO OUT
EXPECT AFTERSHOCKS
LISTEN AND BE UPDATED
USE THE TELEPHONE FOR EMERGENCIES
OPEN CABINETS WITH CAUTION
STAY AWAY FROM DAMAGED AREAS
HELP INJURED/ TRAPPED PERSONS
CLEAN
INSPECT UTILITIES