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Reproductive System (Major Functions of the Reproduction System…
Reproductive System
Major Functions of the Reproduction System
process by which new individuals of a species are produced
fertilization
fusion of egg and sperm produces a zygote
sexual reproduction
reproduction involving two parents (male and female) parents
female functions
functions in production of female gamete and preparation for support
male functions
functions to provide and disseminate large quantity of male gametes
gonads
primary sex organs which produces specialized cells called gametes
testes: male's primary sex organ produces sperm
ovaries: female's primary sex organ produces ova or eggs
Anatomy of Male and Female Reproductive Structures
accessory organ: secondary sex organ
prostate gland
secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm
a walnut-sized gland located between the bladder and the penis
bulbourethral gland
aka cowper's gland
located beneath the prostate gland at the beginning of the internal portion of the penis
add fluids to semen during the process of ejaculation
seminal vesicle
each of a pair of glands which open into the vas deferens near to its junction with the urethra and secrete many of the components of semen
ductus system: delivery of male gamete
ductus deferens
passes through inguinal canal and over urinary bladder
moves sperm by peristalis
carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
spermatic cord: made up of ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves surrounded by a CT ssheath
also called ductus deferens
urethra
carries both sperm/urine
sperm enters from ejaculatory duct
extends from base of urinary bladder to the tip of penis
epididymis
found on superior part of the testis and also posterior lateral side
functions to mature/ store sperm cells
comma shaped, tightly coiled tube
expels sperm with the contraction of muscles of the epididymis to the vas deferens
external
penis
organ which is used to deliver sperm to female reproductive system
scrotum
loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind the penis
contains the testes as well as many nerves and blood vessels
has a protective function and acts as a climate control system for the testes
testes
primary sex organ
female structures
regions of uterus
fundus
area where uterine tube enters
cervix
narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina or opening into the uterus
body
main portion
walls of uterus
myometrium
middle layer of smooth muscle
perimetrium
outer visceral peritonuem
endometrium
allows for implantation of fertilized egg
sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs during menses
inner layer
support for uterus
round ligament
anchor interiorly
uterosacral ligament
anchored posteriorly
broad ligament
attached to pelvis
vagina
serves as birth canal
receives penis during sex
behind bladder and in front of rectum
hymen partially closes vagina until ruptured
extends from cervix to exterior of body
uterus
located between urinary bladder and rectum
hollow organ
receives, retains, nourishes fertilized egg
external genitalia
mons pubis: fatty pad over pubic area, covered by pubic hairs
labia: skin folds around vaginal opening
majora: outer
minora: inner
also called vulva
vestibule
enclosed by majora
has opening to urethra and great vestibular gland or bartholin gland
clitoris
corresponds to male penis
contains erectlie tissue
regions of tubes
fimbrae: small, fingerlike projections at the end of the fallopian tubes, through which eggs move from the ovaries to the uterus
cilia inside the uterine tube slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus
infundibulum: nourish and house the fertilized egg until the unborn child is ready to be delivered
mammary glands
responsible for milk production after birth by hormone lactin
milk exits out the nipple
modified sweat glands
areola is colored portion surrounding nipple
found in both sexes but ceases to develop in males
uterine tube
provide a site for fertilization
receive the ovulated oocyte
fertilization occurs inside uterine tube
attached radially to uterus
Events of the Female Hormonal Cycles (3)
ovarian cycle
follicular phase
FSH causes follicular cells to develop into primary follicle
follicular cells secrete estrogen to become secondary follicle
extends from beginning of menstruation until ovulation
only one follicle becomes graafian follicle
days 1-14
ovulation
triggered by sudden spike increase in LH caused by steady increase in estrogen stimulating pituitary gland
graafian follicle releases oocyte
day 14
slight rise in progesterone just before ovulation causes basal body temperature to rise about 0.4-0.6 degrees farenheit
luteal phase
corpus luteum secretes progesterone, some estrogen, and inhibin which suppresses FSH
in the absence of pregnancy, corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans causing the decrease in progesterone and estrogen
when follicle expels the oocyte, the empty shell becomes corpus luteum
if pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone/estrogen
day 15-28
uterine/menstrual cycle
proliferation phase
estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of endometrium causing it to double in thickness
thickening of endometrium allows ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation
day 6-14
secretory phase
uterine glands enlarge/secure the nutrients to sustain embryo until implantation occurs
if pregnancy doesn't occur, towards end of phase, LH levels drop due to high levels of progesterone
in response to rising levels of progesterone by the corpus luteum, the uterus becomes ready for pregnancy
progesterone levels drop following decline in LH, leading into menstrual phase
day 15-28
menstruation
decline of estrogen and progesterone cause spinal arteries to constrict, cells become ischemic and die and are sloughed off or shed
bleeding lasts 3-5 days
day 1-5
reproductive cycle
typical cycle runs 24-35 days, 28 days average
two cycles
ovarian cycle: occurs in the ovaries leading to maturation and ovulation of mature oocyte
made up of follicular phase (before ovulation) and luteal phase (after ovulation)
Disorders of the Reproductive System
facts about STDs
only latex condoms prevent spread of STDs
abstinence is the only way to prevent STDs
birth control pills don't prevent the spread of STDs
also called sexually transmitted infection
most people with an STD experience little to no symptoms
STDs are infections capable of being spread from person to person through
sex
oral-genital contact in non-sexual ways
viral & parasitic
AIDS
spread through sex but can be passed by sharing needles, birth, or breast feeding
no cure, only treatment
caused by HIV
symptoms
swollen lymph nodes
weight loss
opportunistic infections
fever, fatigue
no symptoms
pubic lice or crabs
spread through direct contact with lice even through bedding or clothing
treated with shampoo or creams
usually located around pubic area but can be found in axillas, eyelashes, mustaches
symptoms
a terrible, persisting itching around areas
caused by a parasite that looks like a "crab"
genital/veneral
about 5.5 million new cases in US
20 million people currently
caused by HPV
no cure but preventable through vaccination
symptoms same for everyone
associated with cervical cancer
symptoms
may cause itching/burning but don't often cause pain
warts may not be detected in females as they're located internally
warts look like tiny cauliflowers
trichomoniasis
can be transmitted to baby during delivery
treatment through oral medications
most common in women
female symptoms
painful frequent urination
itching/burning at opening of vagina/vulva
heavy, unpleasant, frothy, greenish/yellow discharge
caused by a tiny parasite
male symptoms
no symptoms
discomfort in urethra or inflamed head of penis
herpes
caused by a herpes virus
can't be cured but can be treated with antiviral medication
male symptoms
small sores or clusters of blisters on penis
female symptoms
blisters in or around vagina
fever/headaches
bacterial
gonorrhea
caused by bacteria
spread by sexual contact
about 650,000 people infected each year in US
can be spread from mother to child during birth
can spread to mouth, throat, rectum
male symptoms
burning/pain when urinating
frequent urination
swollen testicles
yellow or white drip/discharge from penis
female symptoms
may be burning/pain when urinating
bleeding between periods and heavier/more painful periods
cramps/pain in lower abdomen
nausea/fever
yellow/white discharge from vagina
if left untreated it can lead to infertility in both sexes
can be cured with antibiotics
syphilis
spread from person to person through direct contact with syphilis sore, semen, or vaginal fluids
sores appear anywhere semen/vaginal fluids come in contact with such as genitals, anus, rectum, lips, mouth, and eyes
caused by bacteria, can be cured with antibiotics in early stages
symptoms go through various stages
early stages
painful sores at point of contact called chancres
chancres can turn to copper-colored skin rashes on hands and feet or cover the entire body
later symptoms
symptoms disappear but bacterium remains in body and eventually travels to other organs causing organ damage
can lead to death in 10-30 years due to heart attack or from brain damage
fever, headache, loss of appetite
goes symptomless for years
chlamydia
caused by bacteria
can be cured by antibiotics
most common STD
male symptoms
discharge from penis and/or burning during urination
burning/itching around urethral opening of penis
pain/swelling in testicles
low grade fever due to inflammation of testicles/epididymis
four million new cases occur each year
female symptoms
lower pelvic/abdominal pain (PID)
bleeding between menstrual periods
white/grey vaginal discharge or burning during urination
low grade fever due to infection as infection progresses
no symptoms
Hormones of the Reproductive System
male
GnRH
released by hypothalamus to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
testosterone
stimulates reproductive organ development/sex drive
causes secondary sex characteristics
increased hair growth
deep voice
enlargement of skeletal muscles
thickening of bones
FSH
at puberty stimulates sertoli cells for sperm production/maturation
inhibin
released by testes when high levels of testosterone are present to stimulate hypothalamus to release gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (GnIH) to stop production of Lh and FSH
LH
stimulates seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone
female
LH
triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum
inhibin
decrease the release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
FSH
stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation
estrogen
primary female sex hormone released by follicle
low levels=FSH
causes secondary characteristics
wide hips
breast development
structural muscle growth
appearance of hair
increase in fat beneath skin
high levels=LH and GnRH
thickening of uterine wall
GnRH
stimulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)
progestrone
triggers suppression of hypothalamus from releasing GnRH
stimulates development/growth of lining of uterine wall to get ready for implantation