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Cognitive Models (Self-efficacy = perception of one's ability to…
Cognitive Models
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Models of DRUG CRAVINGS
Jellinke's Negative Reinforcement model
- craving = anticipation of relief from withdrawal
Marlatt's Positive Reinforcement Model
- craving = anticipation of feeling euphoria/ "high"
Tiffany's Cognitive Processing model
Dependence is a form of automatic behaviour
- repeated drug use > automatisation of drug urges > increase future frequency of actual drug use
- overtime, sequence of behaviours involves in drug use action plans become integrated, efficient, effortless
Craving is seen as a non-automatic process that does NOT always have to precede drug use
- subjective cravings as the result of automatic drug-seeking schemata being interrupted
- abstinence-avoidance urges = when external barriers block drug use action plans e.g. no availability of alcohol = induce craving
- abstinence-promotion urges = when attempting to change drug use/ maintain abstinence e.g. refusing a drink = induce craving
Models of Relapse
Marlatt & Gordon:
Relapse = high-risk situation + tendency for self-defeating thinkingself-defeated thinking is due to lifestyle imbalances
- when ext. demands on time and energy interfere with ability to satisfy desire for pleasure and self-fulfilment
- deprivation > enhanced cravings for drugs, begin to think very positively about immediate effects of drugs > ^^^positive expectancies + deny negative consequences + rationalise the return to drug use
Abrams & Niaura:
- lapse = brief return to substance use, small amounts, no adverse consequences
- relapse = return to heavy substance use + emotional and physical complications
goal of relapse prevention = to prevent lapses from escalating into relapse
Abstinence Violation Effect (Marlatt & Gordon):
lapse > intense guilt, shame, embarrassment > interpret as self inadequacy/ incompetency > overwhelmed by intense negative emotions directed at self > escalates into full-blown relapse
Social Learning Theory (SLT):
continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioural and environmental determinants
- individuals are actively involved in appraising environmental events
- environmental contingencies influence acquisition and regulation of behaviours
- internal cognitive processes mediate the influence of environmental contingencies
Self-Regulation = individual's capacity to regulate own behaviour based on internal standards and self-evaluative assessment
- individuals administer self-rewards/ punishment based off achievement of internal standards
- internal standards are result of modelling influences and differential reinforcement
Reciprocal Determinism = each component of person, behaviour and environment is capable of changing the nature of interaction
- individuals are not driven by ext. forces alone, do not react passively to ext. forces
- behaviour = function of interdependent forces
e.g. Alcohol expectancy factors:
- global positive change
- sexual enhancement
- physical and social pleasure
- increased social assertiveness
- relaxation and tension reduction
- arousal with power
e.g. Smoking expectancy factors:
- negative affect reduction
- stimulation/ state enhancement
- health risks
- taste/ sensorimotor manipulation
- social facilitation
- appetite/ weight control
- craving/ addiction
- negative physical feelings
- boredom reduction
- negative social impression