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Four Presidents (Adams (Federalist vs. Jeffersonian-Republicans: The…
Four Presidents
Adams
Federalist vs. Jeffersonian-Republicans: The animosity between Jefferson and Hamilton and the growing belligerence between the Federalists and Democratic Republicans set the ugly divisive tone for the Adams's term. Hamilton favored a strong central government and weaker state government. JEfferson favored a weaker federal government and all other powers should be reserved to the states.
XYZ Affair: When France seized American ships ADAms sent three diplomats to Paris where French officials demanded a huge bribe before they would allow negotiations even to begin. The diplomats returned home.
Alien and Sedition Acts: allowed the government to forcibly expel foreigners and to jail newspapers editors for scandalous and malicious writing. The acts were purely political and aimed at destroying new immigrants especially French immigrants support for the Democratic Republicans. The Sedition Acts were in violation of the FIrst Amendment.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolution: WIth Madison he drafter the Virginia and Kentucky Resolution which argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws. The resolutions went on to exercise the authority yehy claimed, later referred to as nullification by declaring the ALien and SEdition Acts void.
Midnight Appointments: Adams was so upset about Jefferson's election that he left the capital before Jefferson took office in order to avoid attending the inauguration. Before he left he made midnight appointments filling as many government positions with Federalists as he could.
John Marshall: was a federalist and the judge for Marbury v Madison.
Washington
The Whiskey Rebellion: Began in western Pennsylvania when farmers resisted an excise tax on whiskey. Washington dispatched the militia to disperse the rebels. After the opposition was dispelled, the rebels wen home and although there were some arrests and two convictions, Washington eventually pardoned both men. Important because the uprising demonstrated the lasting class tensions between inland farmers and the coastal elites who ran the new government.
Hamilton Financial's Plan: Hamilton proposed the National Bank to help regulate and strengthen the economy. Washington was uncertain of the bank's constitutionality and considered a veto. Hamilton argued that the creation of a bank was an implied power of the government because the government already had explicit power to coin money, borrow money and collect taxes. The financial plan called for the federal government to assume the state's debts and to repay those debts by giving the debt holders land on the western frontier.
Farewell Address: He warned future presidents to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world. It warned against sectional divisions as well as political party conflict. The most prominent portion of the address focuses on international relations or foreign entanglements. Washington promoted the notion of having friendly relationships with all nations, but to avoid any permanent alliances.
Jefferson
Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson sent Monroe to France to buy New Orleans for $2 million, The French offered to sell Monroe the whole Louisiana territory for $15 million.
Embargo Act: shut down Amercias's import and export business with disastrous economic results. New England's economy collapsed and smuggling became widespread. The New England strongly opposed the Embargo Act as they were the most impacted by an end of international trade. Led to the Democratic Republicans losing many Congressional seats in the 1808 election.
Madison
Madison sought a solution to America's trade problems and Congress responded with Macon's Bill No. 2 a bill that reopened trade with both France and England. War Hawks saw oppurtunity to grab new lands to the west and southwest and wanted war. Effects were the end of Native American's ability to stop American expansion. Treaty of Ghent ended the war.
Hartford Convention: The federalist national party dissolved. The convention brought many grievances including the notion that two thirds of the majority of the Congress should be required to pass any laws dealing with trade.
Monroe
Monroe Doctrine: A policy of noninterference. Claimed AMerica's right to intervene anywhere in its own hemisphere if it felt its security was threatened. Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization.
Era of Good Feelings: John Marshall's rulings continued to strengthen the federal government and its primacy.