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GENDER - ALL THE THEORISTS gender (Zimmerman & West (1975) kanye…
GENDER - ALL THE THEORISTS 
Jennifer Coates (1989)
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Criticisms
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Language development is influenced by many factors, not just social relationships in childhood
Robin Lakoff (1975)
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Zimmerman & West (1975)
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Deborah Cameron (2008)
Findings
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Categorisations of male/female are myths & wider population's belief they are true reinforces stereotypes
If person uncomfortable with language of particular environment their language may seem weak as experience lack of status
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Criticisms
Theorises how male & female speech is, without providing definite evidence
Focus on criticising well-established research conducted in the past e.g.. Lakoff, Fishman & Tannen
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Deborah Tannen (1990)
Genderlect Theory
Status v Support
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Women - seek support for their ideas & view world as network of connections, to build relationships and bond
Men - see the world as competitive, communicate as long as it makes them look good, strong & independent
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Criticism
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However it is useful in aiming to solve communication & problems between genders by defining communication differences
Difference Model
Men & women belong to sub-cultures who are socialised differently from childhood develop different dialects - "Genderlects"
Goodwin
Findings
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Girls know how to give orders but don't always view it as appropriate - intimacy & to be friends with popular girls more important
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Otto Jesperson (1922) Sexist one!
Findings
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Women know their small vocabulary so well, so more fluent & less hesitant than men who search for precise word in their large vocabularies
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Background
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Deficit Model 1922 attributed to him - he argued male language forms = norm & language of others (child, foreigner & woman) were deficient
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Janet Hyde (2005)
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Geoffrey Beattie (1982)
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Findings
Men & women interrupted with almost equal frequency (men 34.1, women 33.8)
Fishman (1980)
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Findings
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Men more successful than women in initiating conversations reinforcing their dominance & social power
Criticisms
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Only involved 3 men & 3 women, American, white, sympathetic to women's movement, 25-30, all at graduate school except one
Jenny Cheshire (1982)
Research
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Eg. use of negative concord "I ain't done nothing wrong", use of "ain't have" and "ain't be"
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