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First 4 Presidents (Adams (John Marshall (Appointed by John Adams ( 1801)…
First 4 Presidents
Adams
XYZ Affair
In response to the XYZ affair, a series of laws known collectively as the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed by the Federalist Congress in 1798 and signed into law by President Adams. These laws included new powers to deport foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to vote.
The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (or Resolves) were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional
the XYZ Affair was a diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War. U.S. and French negotiators restored peace with the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine.
Midnight Appointments
the judicial appointments made by President John Adams just before he was succeeded by President Thomas Jefferson. Adams saw the appointments as a way to preserve Federalist influence in the federal government during the Jeffersonian tenure.
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John Marshall
Appointed by John Adams ( 1801) as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court- was a Virginia Federalist who was disliked by the state's rights Jeffersonians.
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As perhaps the Supreme Court’s most influential chief justice, Marshall was responsible for constructing and defending both the foundation of judicial power and the principles of American federalism.
The first of his great cases in more than 30 years of service was Marbury v. Madison (1803), which established the Supreme Court’s right to expound constitutional law and exercise judicial review by declaring laws unconstitutional.
Jefferson
Barbary Pirates
Ottoman and Maghrebi pirates and privateers who operated from North Africa, based primarily in the ports of Salé, Rabat, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli
From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates.
Also called the Barbary Wars, this was a series of naval engagements launched by President Jefferson in an effort to stop the attacks on American merchant ships by the Barbary pirates.
Embargo Act
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by the United State Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson on December 22, 1807.
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Embargo Act, (1807), U.S. Pres. Thomas Jefferson’s nonviolent resistance to British and French molestation of U.S. merchant ships carrying, or suspected of carrying, war materials and other cargoes to European belligerents during the Napoleonic Wars.
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase (1803) was a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million
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Political Philosophy
Jeffersonian democracy as including the following core ideals: The core political value of America is republicanism—citizens have a civic duty to aid the state and resist corruption, especially monarchism and aristocracy
John Adams was a Federalist; Tom Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican. People like Jefferson viewed a strong federal government with suspicion.
Washington
Farewell Address
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In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances with other nations.
The address was printed in Philadelphia's American Daily Advertiser on September 19, 1796.
Hamilton's Economic Plan
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To raise money to pay off the debts, Hamilton would issue new securities (bonds).
Investors who had purchased these public securities could make enormous profits when the time came for the United States to pay off these new debts.
Whiskey Rebellion
an uprising of Western Pennsylvania farmers that took place between 1791-1794 in response to Alexander Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. It was a key incident in the development of the First Two Party System in the United States.
Opposition to the whiskey tax and the rebellion itself built support for the Republicans, which overtook Washington’s Federalist Party for power in 1802.
Monroe
War of 1812
At the same time, the doctrine noted that the U.S. would recognize and not interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries
conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain over British violations of U.S. maritime rights. It ended with the exchange of ratifications of the Treaty of Ghent.
Hartford Convention
the Hartford Convention was a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 to January 5, 1815, in Hartford, Connecticut, United States
New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing
as the convention’s emissaries approached Washington, D.C., they were met by the news of Gen. Andrew Jackson’s unexpected victory in the Battle of New Orleans.
By the time the emissaries arrived, it was no longer possible to serve the kind of ultimatum contained in the convention’s report. The war, along with the national crisis it had brought about, had ended. The secrecy of the Hartford proceedings also contributed to discrediting the convention, and its unpopularity was a factor in the demise of the Federalist Party.
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a United States policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823
At the same time, the doctrine noted that the U.S. would recognize and not interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries