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Socialisation, Culture, Identity (identity (SOCIAL CLASS (postmodernists =…

- - - - subcultures "Teddy Boys"
      - culture hybridity "Brasian"
        
        in uk - immigrants who adopt hybrid identities, mixing aspects of their parents cultures with aspects of British culture
- - - - family
        
        imitation
        
        positive and negative sanctions
    - - peer
        
        desire to fit in - conformity - source of rebellion, youth subcultures
        
        peer pressure - more influential than family socialisation
        
        Skelton and Francis (2003) = play in schools was very gendered; males dominated the space and girls taking part in separated activities (skipping)
        
        Sue Lees - double standards - term 'slag' form of control over girls
        
        Tony Sewell (2000) = 'cultural comfort zones' like to associate with those who are similar to ourselves
        
        African-caribbean boys
      - education
        
        hidden curriculum
        
        the norms and values learnt at school outside of formal lessons
        
        negative sanctions = detention
        
        learn that society values achievement, learn how that is measured
        
        learn about the school structure itself (genders of different teachers at different levels of authority
        
        Bowles and Gintis (1976) = American marxists = agreed that hidden curriculum exists but did not think that it was just about learning shares norms and values
        
        argue that the education system was a giant myth making machine which brainwashed children
        
        pupils are taught to accept their place in society, believe that their achievements and failures are of their own making - everything is fair based on merit
      - religion
        
        society becoming more secular (less religious)
        
        however, a lot of societal norms, values and laws are based on the christian religion
        
        Modood and Berthaud (1997) = surveyed young people and found that 67% of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis saw religion as v important compared to 5% of white British youths
      - media
        
        Mulvey (1975) = 'male gaze' = cameras in films eye up the female actors, encouraging viewers to assess their body and attractiveness from a male perspective
        
        Jock Young (2007) = bulimic society = media has created a society with constant hunger and desire to binge on everything and anything
        
        poor people worshipping success, money and wealth = systematically excluded from its realisation
      - workplace
        
        resocialisation = the new set of norms and values an individual will learn when starting a new job
        
        formal social control in work
        
        learning the code of conduct, dress code
        
        informal social control in work
        
        colleagues will help resocialise
        
        for example; if the adult is sucking up too much to the boss the colleagues may perform the silent treatment to show that this isn't acceptable
        
        Canteen Culture = the set of norms and values that people who work in a particular organisation will be socialised to accept, so that certain language, behaviour and attitudes become the norm
  - - - police, courts, criminal justice system, government, military
    - - peer groups, education, religion, workplace and media
- - - - a person may have an identity as a British person, but also a Musilim and a Pakistani
        
        Nayak (2003) - White Wannabes = white British males who dress, act and speak in a way that is influenced by black hip-hop culture
    - - policies designed to achieve equality have been perceived unfair to the white community and a white working class person under pressure economically has often reacted with anger at perceived positive discrimination in favour of ethnic minorities, feeling the need to defend their ethnic identities
  - - - Cashmore and Troyna = a tendency for ethnic minorities to turn inwards, to seek support rom within their own ethnic community as a response to racism = religion and culture may be strengthened
        
        Jacobson = many young Pakistanis are adopting a strong islamic identity as a response to social exclusion from white British society, young British muslims face difficulties and problems, and a strong muslim identity gives them a sense of stability and security
        
        ethnic minorities may become more hybrid as those from ethnic minorities and those of white British origin are influenced by each others cultures and by the media
        
        postmodernists may argue that in a globalised and media-saturated society such as the contemporary UK today, identity is all about choice - hybridity makes identity less clear cut and less significant - however discrimination is still existing due to identity
        
        Neighbourhood Nationalism - Back, study of two council estates = white youths attracted to aspects of black culture and local youths from all ethnic backgrounds developed a sort of shared identity based on ethnicity - common identity and shared solidarity
        
        Cultural Code Switching - Brah, young British asians are very skilled cultural code switchers, and that this is a more appropriate way to see their identities than as a hybrid or cross cultural - ind ways to successfully negotiate their own identity
  - - - Kumar (2003) = unlike the scots, the Welsh and the Irish, the english find it difficult to say who they are, and that English national identity is elusive
        
        Sadar (2002) = the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, english unsure whether ot become more American or more European = in order to develop an identity; embrace diversity and focus on similarities
        
        however, as seen with ethnicity; an identity becomes more pronounced when it is faced with conflict or oppression = this however can lead to English exclusiveness; English Defence League
        
        'Englishness' = based on old times but those factors are blurred due to the way modern society lives
  - - - Functionalist view = Parsons (1955) = females, expressive role = natural childbearing role which is reinforced by socialisation
        
        Social construction = feminists = patriarchal society
        
        Hey (1997) = friendship groups among teenage girls = norms were deeply rooted in patriarchy and expectation of how girls should be
        
        Hyper masculinity = Mac an Ghaill (1994) = boys learn to be men in their peer groups at school, policing their own and other's sexualities, macho lads
        
        'crisis of masculinity' = Mac an Ghaill = insecurity felt by working class males, decline of traditional male industries (mining)
      - males = instrumental role = breadwinner and protector, natural based on physical strength reinforced through socialisation
      - hegemonic masculinity = macho, dominant, agreesive - most reinforced
      - subordinate masculinity = homosexual males
      - marginalised masculinity = unemployed men - not accepted as 'real' masculinity
  - - - Offe (1985) = able to create out own identities regardless of social class and levels of education
        
        contemporary uk = gives choices and opportunities to everyone = media gives info and cultural experiences = breaks down social and class barriers
        
        however, ability to have opportunities depends on class, and some areas of uk may not have access to internet
  - - - sub-Saharan African - boy-wives, treated as female wives, when they grow up, take a boy-wife of their own
    - - The Homosexual Role = McIntosh (1996) = only those who label themselves as gay conform to the expectations the label carries and the way they should act - those who have not come out do not fill these characteristics
        
        RIch (1980) = women's sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through sexual violence and sexual objectification against women
        
        compulsory heterosexuality = women are socialised into a subordinate and heterosexual role, ensuring availability to men
        
        being lesbian = more abnormal than gay men = a threat of male dominance
        
        changing views on homosexuality = March 2014 same sex marriage legalised - however some religions are still highly against
  - - - socially constrructed - UK = dependancy and vulnerability, in some countries = child soldiers, child marriage
        
        Postman (1982) = childhood emerged only when the spread of literacy enabled adults to shield children from adult life
        
        emergence of media and visual culture = disappearance of childhood
    - - age 12-25
        
        transition from childhood to adulthood = rebellion/resistance
        
        Mead (1928) = 'storm and stress' associated with youth is culturally specific
    - - career and family, 30-50
        
        Bradley (1996) = higher status than youth and old age - hold power at work - negatives = mid life crisis and empty nest syndrome
    - - uk culture admires youth = media and popular culture
        
        Hockey and James (1993) = link old age with childhood, socially constructed in a similar way - lost personhood status
        
        infantilisation = dependant, vulnerable, not able to look after themselves, privacy taken away, inncocent
        
        = self fulfilling prophecy - resist by mocking care staff by deliberately acting like a child
  - - - focuses on limitations caused by the impairment
      - defining a disabled person by their disability
      - leads to 'victim blaming' mentality - problem lies with individual rather than society not meeting the needs
      - Shakespeare = disabled people often see themselves as the victim
    - - social and physical barriers to exclusion (building design etc)
      - SOCIETY IS THE DISABLING FACTOR
      - view that disability is socially constructed as it rests on the view of what is normal and abnormal
      - Shakespeare = disabled socialised to see themsleves as inferior - isolated form one another = forming a strong identity is difficult
      - lack of positive role models in public life and media - lead to pity/ avoidance/ awkwardness