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Water (Systems (Flows (Link between stores, movement of matter/ energy, E…
Water
Systems
Flows
Link between stores, movement of matter/ energy, E.g Through fall
Stores
Energy/ matter is stored E.g interception
Outputs
Loss of matter and/ or energy out of a system, E.g Evaporation
Processes
Something happening within system, affected by factors, E.g Interception
Inputs
Addition of matter and/ or energy into a system, E.g Precipitation, Solar radiation
Open system
Both energy and matter can entre and leave an open space, E.g Drainage basin
Closed system
Matter cant enter or leave, energy can leave and enter, matter ic cycled around and none is lost, E.g Carbon cycle
Positive feedback
Effects of an action amplified and moves system away from equilibrium
Negative feedback
Effects are nullified and moves system back into equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium
Inputs and outputs are balanced, changes occur but stays in stable state
Subsystems
Cryosphere
This includes all parts of the Earth's systems where its cold enough for water to freeze, all the ice on earth
Lithosphere
Outermost part of the Earth made up of crust and solidified upper mantle
Biosphere
Where living organisms are found- plants, animals, birds, fungi, bacteria, insects
Hydrosphere
All water on Earth, may be in liquid, solid or gas form, can be saline or fresh
Atmosphere
Layer of gas between Earth's surface and space, held in place by gravity
Drainage basin
Open system
Inputs
Precipitation
Outputs
River discharge, Transpiration, Evaporation
Stores
Interception, Surface storage, Soil moisture storage, Groundwater storage, Channel storage, Vegetation storage
Transfers
Through fall, Infiltration, Percolation, Surface runoff, Throughflow, Groundwater flow, Channel flow
Water Balance
Worked out from inputs and outputs, affects how much water is stored in the basin, commonly displayed using soil water budget graph, seasonal in UK
UK=
Wet seasons, precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration creating surplus, groundwater stores fill so more surface runoff and higher discharge so river levels rise
Drier seasons, evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation, groundwater stores depleted as some used and some flows into river channel but isn't replaced by precipitation
End of dry season, deficit and so ground stores are recharged during next wet season
Fluctuations in river discharge= rivers regime (Variability in discharge throughout year in response to precipitation, temp, evapotranspiration and drainage basin characteristics)
Potential evapotranspiration= Amount of water that could be evaporated or transpired from an area if there was sufficient water
River Discharger= Amount of water in river which passes given point at given time, measured in Cumecs, m3/s
Processes
Latent heat
Heat energy per mass unit required for phase to occur
Evaporation
Liquid water changes state into gas, becoming water vapour
Cloud formation and Precipitation
Condensed water vapour forms into clouds and rains
Condensation
Water vapour becomes liquid, looses energy to surroundings
Water on Earth
Terrestrial
Groundwater, soil moisture, lakes, wetlands, rivers, surface water, biological water, Rivers= 0.0002% of all water, majority of lakes= freshwater and in N hemisphere, 30% of freshwater= groundwater
Atmospheric
Water found in atmosphere, mainly water vapour with some liquid water and ice crystals. Important as it absorbs, reflects and scatters incoming solar radiation, keeping atmosphere at temp that can maintain life, 0.04% of freshwater= water vapour
Cryosphere
Water locked up on surface as ice, Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets= 99% of freshwater ice on earth, stores reducing due to climate change, 69% freshwater frozen in cryospshere
Rainfall types
Relief
Warm air meets mountains, rises and forms clouds, rains in Manchester but dry over Pennines in Darlington, Regional scale, hours
Convectional
When sun heats up ground, moisture rises and condenses and rains, summer, local scale, W of Dton = rain while E of Dton= dry. Apply on global scale- sun heats equator
Frontal
National scale, Cold and warm air meet and form clouds, System of frontal systems will lead to more saturated soil, so water cannot be stored leading to flooding, common in UK, 12-24 hrs
Storm Hydrographs
Shows discharge over time in river during storms