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Reproductive System (Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures (Semen…

- - - - Root
        
        Attached to body wall
      - Shaft(Body)
        
        Free, movable portion of penis, contains three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue
      - Glans Penis(Enlarged Tip)
        
        Contains urethral opening
      - Prepuce(Foreskin)
        
        Fold cuff of skin around proximal end, often removed in circumcision
      - Pair of Corpora Cavernosa
        
        Surrounds blood vessel which contain most of the blood during erection
      - Corpora Spongiosum
        
        Surrounds the Urethra
  - - - Made up of ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
    - - Cutting off the ductus deferens at the level of the testes to prevent the transportation of sperm
- - - - Yellow or white drip/discharge from penis
      - Burning/pain during urination
      - Frequent urination
      - Swollen testicles
    - - Yellow or white discharge from vagina
      - May be burning/pain when urinating
      - Nausea or fever
      - Bleeding between periods and heavier or more painful periods
      - Cramps and pain in lower abdomen
      - If left untreated can lead to infertility in both sexes
      - Can be cured with antibiotics
  - - - Painful sores at point of contact, called chancres
      - Chancres can turn to copper-colored skin rashes on hand and feet or cover entire body
    - - Symptoms disappear but bacterium remains in body and eventually travel to other organs including brain, eyes, heart, etc causing organ damage
      - Can lead to death in ten to thirty years due to heart attack or from brain damage
      - Fever, headache, loss of appetite
  - - - Burning/itching around the urethral opening of the penis
      - Pain/swelling in testicles
      - Discharge from the penis and/or burning during urination
      - Low grade fever due to inflammation of testicles or epididymis
    - - No symptoms
      - White or grey vaginal discharge or burning during urination
      - Lower pelvic or abdominal pain(PID)
      - Bleeding between menstrual periods
      - Low grade fever due to infection as infection progresses
  - - - Small sores or cluster of blisters on penis
    - - Blisters in or around the vagina
      - Fever and headaches
  - - - Warts look like tiny cauliflowers but they can be flat
      - May cause itching, burning but most often do not cause pain
      - Warts may not be detected in females because they are located internally
  - - - No symptoms until immune system is activated
      - Opportunistic infections
      - Weight loss
      - Swollen lymph nodes
      - Fever, fatigue
- - - - Partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured
  - - - Labia Majora
        
        Outer fold
      - Labia Minora
        
        Inner fold
    - - Enclosed by labia majora; contains the opening to the urethra and greater vestibular gland or Bartholin's gland(produce mucus)
    - - Fatty pad overly the pubic area, covered by pubic hair after puberty
    - - Contains erectile tissue; corresponds to the male penis
  - - - Receives fertilized egg
      - Retains fertilized egg
      - Nourishes fertilized egg
    - - Broad Ligament
        
        Attached to the pelvis
      - Round Ligament
        
        Anchor interiorly
      - Uterosacral Ligament
        
        Anchored posteriorly
    - - Cervix
        
        Narrow outlet protrudes into the vagina or opening into the uterus
      - Fundus
        
        Area where uterine tube enters
      - Body
        
        Main portion
    - - Perimetrium
        
        Outer visceral peritoneum
      - Myometrium
        
        Middle layer of smooth muscle
      - Endometrium
        
        Inner layer
        
        Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs during menses
        
        Allows for implantation of a fertilized egg
  - - - Fimbriae
        
        Finger-like projections at the distal end that draws the ovum into the uterine tube
      - Cilia inside the uterine tube slowly move the oocyte towards the future
      - Infundibulum
        
        Open end is funnel-shaped, not directly connected to ovary
- - - - Reproduction involving two(male and female) parents
    - - Fusion of egg and sperm produces a zygote
- - - - Graafian follicle release the oocyte
      - Triggered by sudden spike increase in LH caused by steady increase in estrogen stimulating the pituitary gland
      - Day 14
      - Slight rise in progesterone just before ovulation causes basal body temperature to rise about 0.4-0.6 degrees Fahrenheit
    - - Corpus Luteum secretes progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin which suppresses FSH
      - In the absence of pregnancy, corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans causing the decrease in progesterone and estrogen
      - When follicle expels oocyte, the empty shell becomes Corpus Luteum
      - If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen
      - Day 15-28
    - - Extension from the beginning of menstruation until ovulation
      - Follicular cells secrete estrogen to become secondary follicle
      - FSH causes follicular cells to develop into primary follicle
      - Only one follicle become Graafian follicle
      - Day 1-14
  - - - Estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of the endometrium, causing it to double in thickness
      - Thickening of endometrium allows for ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation
      - Day 6-14
    - - Day 15-28
      - In response to rising levels of progesterone by the corpus luteum, the uterus becomes ready for pregnancy
      - Uterine glands enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs
      - If pregnancy does not occur, towards the end of phase, LH levels drop due to high levels of progesterone
      - Progesterone levels drop following the decline in LH, leading into menstrual phase
    - - Decline of estrogen and progesterone cause the spiral arteries to constrict, cells become ischemic and die, and are sloughed off or shed
      - Bleeding last for 3-5 days
      - Day 1-5
- - - - Released by anterior pituitary gland in brain
    - - Decrease the release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
    - - Spike of hormone triggers ovulation of most mature follicle(only 1)
    - - Primary sex hormone released by follicle
        
        Low levels causes release of FSH
        
        High levels cause release of LH and GnRH
        
        Thickening of uterine wall
        
        Causes secondary sex characteristics
        
        Onset of menses
        
        Skeletal muscle growth and bone thickening
        
        Widening of hips
        
        Appearance of body hair
        
        Breast development
        
        Increase in fat beneath the skin
    - - Stimulates the development and maturation of primary follicle into secondary follicle
    - - Triggers suppression of the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH
      - Stimulates the development and growth of the lining of the uterine wall to get ready for implantation
    - - Released by hypothalamus in brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
  - - - Released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
        
        Triggered by low levels of Testosterone
        
        Controlled by negative feedback
    - - Stimulates reproductive organ development and sex drive
      - Causes secondary sex characteristics
        
        Enlargement of skeletal muscles
        
        Increased hair growth
        
        Deepening of voice
        
        Thickening of bones
    - - At puberty stimulates sertoli cells for sperm production and maturation
    - - Released by testes when high levels of testosterone are present to release stimulant of hypothalamus to release GnRH to stop production of LH and FSH
    - - Stimulates seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone