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Language Theorists (SOCIAL CLASS: (Peter Trudgill-(Norwich residents).…
Language Theorists
SOCIAL CLASS:
Peter Trudgill-(Norwich residents). Pronunciation of particular variables based on socioeconomic status groups/speech styles. The higher the socioeconomic states, the more they used a standard variant.
Bernstein (1971) (Restricted and Elaborate codes)- Lower working class children do not use elaborated speech, due to lack of situations where they may practice this. Restricted codes have looser syntax ie, "and" "but". Elaborate codes are shown when there is a gap/boundary between speaker and listener which may only be crossed by explicit speech. (facts and abstract feeling)
Labov (1969)-(cognitive deficit)inability to use elaborate codes/think logically. Young Blacks in US, practice restricted code, whilst displaying clear ability to argue logically.
Cazden (1970)- lower class 10 year olds needed more prompting to give sufficient information for the interviewer to identify a picture. Lack of explicit speech, clear information seemed to support Burstein.
REGION
Giles et al (Matched Guise experiment)- Accommodation Theory (1973), speakers change their speech to resemble that of their listener ie, convergence, divergence, upward/downward/mutual.
Labov 1963 (Martha's vineyard study)-A small group of fishermen began to exaggerate existing speech(seemingly subconciously) in order to establish themselves as an independent group. Scouse accents became more rich, in the same way which MLE accents may also become more rich around 'higher classes', or opposition.
David Rosewarne (1984)- (Estuary English). Estuary English is a mixture of non-regional and local south-eastern English pronunciation and intonation.
ETHNICITY:
Viv Edwards (1986)(Jamaican English in West Midlands)- Creole adopted by Jamaican/Carribean immigrants /decents, was singled out as an important factor for disadvantaging Caribbean children in British schools. "A teacher who is not prepared to experience that form of Creole may only presume that a students it stupid when he gives either an inappropriate response or no response at all".
Sebba (1993) London Jamaican- "Jamaican", second-generation speakers of Creole in London were conscious they could not pass for natives when in the Caribbean , but could still claim authenticity of 'Black British' through commanding both local British vernacular and local Jamaican Creole.
OCCUPATION
Swales (2011)-As a member of the professional community you gain mechanisms of intercommunication and use professional genre and specialist lexis ie, discourse communities.
Hornyak-A shift from work talk to personal talk is always initiated by the highest-ranking person in the room.
GENDER:
Deborah Cameron(verbal hygiene). Men and Women face expectations about the appropriate kind of speech for their gender.
Naomi Wolf (UPTALK,VOCAL FRY uptalk=rising intonation pattern, vocal folds are shortened and slack, creating a jitter/pop as air passes through.
Jennifer Coates and Deborah Jones - building one Deborah Tannen's ideas. Categorising women gossip into categories.House Talk- information and resources about female occupation. Scandal- judging behaviour of others. Bitching- overt expressions of anger, expressed in private. Chatting- more intimate forms of gossip.
Dale Spender-language may be used to reinforce male superiority, women are disadvantaged.
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