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Development (Population (NEEs (Wide base, Steep sides, Large working…
Development
Population
Top/apex
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Narrow top = :arrow_down: life expectancy, :arrow_up: death rate
Elderly dependents - retired people over 64, don't contribute
Middle
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Contribute to economy, don't cost much
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DTM
Stage 1
BR & DR high, fluctuating
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Stage 2
DR decreases rapidly, BR still high
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Limited access to medicine, clean water, etc.
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Stage 3
DR decreases slower, BR decreases rapidly
Education, knowledge of contraceptives
Gender equality, women working
Family planning, smaller families preferrable
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Stage 4
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Population curves off, mainly immigration
DINKY - double income, no kids (yet)
Stage 5
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Small, two-children families
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Diseases of affluence e.g. obesity, smoking
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Measuring
Factors
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Social factors e.g. access to water, education
Economic factors e.g. trade, debt
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Political factors e.g. stable government, war
GNI
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Total value of goods/services produced, plus money paid/earned
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Higher, higher middle, lower middle, low
HDI
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Life expectancy, years of education, GNI per head
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Reducing
FDI
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e.g. Chinese investment in Africa, mining & construction
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:red_cross: Unsafe working conditions, unfair hours, little pay
Industrial development
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e.g. Malaysia, electronics & natural gas
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Aid
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e.g. Dam built for irrigation in Adis Nifas, Ethiopia
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:red_cross: Misused by government, rarely reachest poorest people
Intermediate technology
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Use equipment better than current, but not too high-tech
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Causes
Physical
Climate
Hot & dry, difficult conditions to grow crops
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Human
Colonialism
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Resources are finite, 'mother country' gains all profit
War
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Working class go to war, leaving void in jobs
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Debt relief
Debt crisis
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HIPCs - highly indebted poor countries, 39
Relief
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Countries may go further into debt, expecting it to be relieved
Microfinance
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Start small businesses, become self-sufficient
e.g. Grameen Bank, Bangladesh
Help local people, especially women
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Check market prices, health advice, keep in touch
Consequences
Wealth & health
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HICs
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Heart/lung disease, cancer, diabetes
Migration
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Displaced person - forced to moved from home, stays in country
Migrants work hard, do manual jobs, pay tax
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Fair trade
Free trade
Tariffs - taxes paid on imports, foreign goods more expensive
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Agricultural subsidy
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Rich countries can afford, products are cheaper
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