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Henry VII 1487 - 1509 (internal threats (lovell pact 1486 (failed before…

- - - - after the war in Brittany Warbeck was kicked out of France in 1492 and moved to burgundy
        
        in 1945 he attempted to invade kent bit failed and didn't get off the boat and fled to scotland and incited an english Scottish war in 1497 which the scottish lost and warbeck escaped befor they could capture him and ran to cornwall where he was captured
  - - - it saw people rebel in yorkshire but was quickly crushed (nothing todo with the Yorkists
  - - - the rebellion had a total of 15,000 and is the issue with the most man power that Henry had to face. the cornish marched on London with no opposition and demanded that the taxes be lowered but they were cut down by the Amry at the battle of black heath were 1,000 cornish died due to it being intened to be peaceful and they werent trained and under powered
  - - - the claim that Lambert Simnel was the earl of Warwick was strengthened by the fact that the real earl of Warwick was missing and then strengthened in manpower by Margaret of Burgundy (sister to Edward sending 2,00 mercs and that John de la Pole Earl of Lincoln also joined the fight as a leader for simnels force
        
        Simnels forces launched an invasion in may 1487 they landed in Furness Lancaster and marched south and gained little support. Henrys army and Simnels armies met at stoke were simnels forces were destroyed and the majority of the Yorkists including John were killed
- - - - law were passed in 1485 and 1504 against illegal retaining
      - parliament, lords and commons had to swear not to illegally have retainers.
      - the fine was 5 pound which was a 1/3 of the average lords income
      - in 1504 the ban was lifted but you needed a license to retain
  - - - towards the end of his regin 2/3 of the total lords were held under bonds
        
        lord burgavenny was caught retaining 471 men illegally and was fined 70,000, this would of bankrupted him but henry allowed him to pay 5,000 over 10 years but was banned from his lands till the debet was paid . he raised some of debts as well and it was enforced by the council learned in law
- - - - gained a french pension after the the treaty of Estaples 1492 which also saw pekin warbeck be removed from the country
  - - - trade was reopened after the marriage of prince arther and Catherine of Aragon
  - - - he signed the treaty of redon 1489 where he agreed to send 5,000 english "mercineries" to burgundy if they paid for them to fight the french
  - - - at the treaty of media del la campo may 1489 he married his son Arthur to Catherine of aragon
        
        once arther died before constermateing his marriage relationships soured
        
        due the the death of both of the queens they were competing over brides which saw Ferdinand (spanish king) marry a french princess
        
        relatioships soothed when henry married Catherine
- - - - henry inherited all the Yorkist and Lancastrian lands , the duchy of lancaster and the principality of wales
        
        Edward IV had improved the admin of the crown lands by introduceing technigues of estate management. Sir Reginald Bray developed these further and applied them to other lands
        
        due to him not overly handing out lands he was able to gain a large amount of income and influence from these lands
      - in 1486 Henry used the act of resumption to reclaim all the crown lands that had been granted away since the start of the War of the roses
        
        the potenial of losing their land was more effective than removing it as henry could use this to control them
    - - they were the rights held by the crown to demand money deriving from the principle that the king owned all the lands
        
        relief
        
        paid by a heir when they receive their inheritance
        
        marriage
        
        the king right to arrange marriages of the daughters of tenets at a profit
        
        wardship
        
        control of the estates of heir that were underage which allowed the king to manage these lands for his own profits
        
        livery
        
        payment made by a ward on reaching adulthood and taking control of his lands
        
        henry exploited feudal payments for both finical and political purposes . he used them to ensure good behavior but also benefited from wardships in certain powerful families e.g. the earl of northumberland was killed in 1489 leaving his ten year old son
    - - paid on exports and imports
        
        money came from tonnage (taxes on exports) and poundage(taxes on imports) particular on the sale of wool wine and leather. Both Edward and henry promoted trade
        
        henry largely continued to work on methods of Edward he introduced certificates for costal trade and twice Updated the book of rates, which set out the charges on imports and exports of a wide range of items. Customs duties rose from about 33,000 GBP per year at the begging of his regin to about 40,000 at the end
    - - money from fines and other payments made by people appearing before the kings courts
        
        henry increased the use of fines and attainders. these could be lucrative sources of income- the attainders of sir William Stanley in 1495 brought an immediate payment of 9000 and 1000 per year after
        
        payments come from both common law courts and the special courts operated by the royal councils
  - - - special taxes which the king could levy on the church
        
        the clergy were exempt from paying taxes to parliament so this form of taxation was the only way of securing money from the church it usually came in the form of a gift
        
        gifts from the church were similar in amount to those received by earlier rulers. Henry used his right to appoint leading churchmen to raise money by selling offices - he raised 300 for the post of archdeacon of Buckingham for example. this practice was called simony it was forbidden by the church but it was still widely practiced
    - - special grants of taxes by parliament to finance royal policies such a military action in europe or scotland
        
        usually voted in the form of tenths or fifteenths taxes on the value of moveable property. henry also tried a form of direct taxation, not unlike income tax, but it was widely resented and soon abandoned
        
        parliamentary taxes were available when needed but they were often unpopular , and triggered two rebellions in his regin (Yorkshire rebellion 1489 and Cornish rebellion in 1491) he avoided this as much as possible
    - - organised by the royal council. loans could be requested from both individuals and institutions such as town corporations
        
        organized by the royal court. loans could be requested from both indviduals and institutions such as town corporations
        
        the council learned in law was also to enforce these payments. this was an irregualr source of income, raised as the king needed funds . in 1491 48,000 GBP was raised for war in brittany of which 900 was raised by the city of londen
    - - used by henry for both political and financial purposes. payments could be substantial the earl of west Moreland had to pay 10,000 after the battle of Bosworth - but it was also an effective way of maintaining control. henry used a special government court the council learned in law to enforce payment of these debts
      - demand from those whose loyalty was suspected, such as Yorkist supporters. also applied to merchants for owed custom duties
    - - can be used to tax rare events
        
        the king was entitled for gifts in special occasions, such as when one of his sons was knighted or when a daughter married gifts were paid by leading nobles, but parliament was also expected to make a grant on behalf of the people
        
        henry exploited this source of income fully for example, he received 30,000 from parliament in 1504 for the kighthood of his son Arthur who died in 1502.