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C) GENDER gender (1) REPRESENTATION wiz (Sexist (Literature e.g.. romance…
C) GENDER 
1) REPRESENTATION
Unmarked/Marked terms
Unmarked form: the normal/neutral form of a word. Most unmarked forms are considered male i.e. lion, priest
Marked Form: the form of a word that stands out from the norm i.e. lioness, priestess, Job titles e.g.. lady doctor, male nurse
Lexical Asymmetry
Connotations favour men but mean same e.g.. bachelor/spinster, witch/wizard,
Muriel Schultz (1975) suggested pairs of words that would normally be seen as equivalents exhibit asymmetry when about gender
Sexist
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Sexist = language that insults or patronises based on gender eg. "whore" for women but more positive "stud" for men. "Spinster" v "Bachelor"
Inferior/Superior gender - women represented as inferior relating to Deficit approach put forward by Robin Lakoff
Sexist language more often about women, suggests the male version the norm & female inferior e.g.. feminising suffix Actor-actress, host - hostess
Hoey (2005) used term lexical priming to describe way phrases carry gender prejudice eg. a grumpy old man
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Reclamation
Removing negative association with particular term used by dominant group against less powerful group eg. "bitch" now a sisterhood term, gayused by gay community
Terms of address
English-speaking world traditionally used patronyms- names that refer to male line of inheritance e.g.. "son", "O" added to create names such as Harrison and O'Brien.
Male = Mr, female = Ms, Mrs, Miss - indicates marital status for female & includes notion that gender is binary
Hines (1994) states women often referred to as desserts e.g.. cupcake, sweet, tart
Iceland uses matronyms (Mother's first name plus term for daughter or son) e.g.. Helgason or Helgadottir
Men referred to as boss, chief
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Gender Definition
Gender neutral - A range of identities that do not correspond to established ideas of male and female.
Culturally and socially constructed difference between men and women (e.g.. 'gender affairs' and 'gender politics') that varies from place to place & time to time.
'Sex' is biologically determined, unchangeable, difference between them.
2) LANGUAGE USE
4 Models
4)Dominance
Women's voices silenced, spoken over & ignored
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2)Difference
Men & women belong to sub-cultures who are socialised differently from childhood & develop different dialects (Genderlects)
Recently asserted that women & men have evolved to have different brains & therefore communication styles
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1)Deficit
Early work on language & gender represented women's language as inferior, deficient compared to men's
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3)Diversity
More intra-group (inside) differences than inter-group (between groups) differences e.g.. Eckert's Jocks & Burnouts (1989)
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2 Main Issues
2) Language use - how men & women
use language in real conversation.
Eg. Evaluate the idea that there are more similarities than differences in the ways women & men use language
1) Representation - how men, women & language
use are talked about or written about.
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