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Classification and Systematics (Cladistics download (Cladogram Style…
Classification and Systematics
Lineage of Evolution
Classification
Protistans with old classifications.
Opposed by Clade.
Protistans with low level of evolutionary advancement.
Kingdom Plantae
Algae were of diverse group.
Some of them adapted to land.
Clade of true plants were established.
Nearly 400 millions years ago.
All organisms are grouped into three domains.
Archaea
Bacteria
Gram positive bacteria
Gram Negative Bacteria
Eukaryote
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Animals
Plants
Taxonomy
Binomial system of classification
classifying and naming organisms
this system includes eight taxa: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Phylogeny
The evolutionary development or history of a species or of a taxonomic group of organisms.
Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history of a taxonomic group of organisms.
Systematics
knowing of evolutionary lines.
Goal of modern plant.
Nomenclature
Reflect the relationships.
Cladistics
Cladograms and Taxonomic Categories
Basal angiosperms
Eudicots
Cladogram Style
Cladogram
Diagram that helps to show the evolutionary patterns using the series of branches.
Common Ancestry
Divergence of one taxon into two.
Every branches extending from the particular point represent the descendants of the original group.
Have two branches
Flowers with red color
Ancestral conditions.
White flowers with derives conditions.
Apomorphy
Parismony
Simple hypotheis.
Hypothesis wont be complicated as it need to be.
Homoplasies
Analogous features.
character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor.
Common ancestry
Cladistics
Way to analyze the phylogenetic relationship.+
Evolutionary relationship.
Alternative methods of classification.
Artificial systems of classifications.
Key characters.
Its easier to observe the characters.
on the basis of normal classifications.
Fosils Classifications
Third type of classifications.
Mainly for fossil organisms.
Form Genera
All fossils with the same basic form.
Structure are classified together.
Combine the feature of both natural and artificial systems.
Taxonomic Studies
Isotypes
prevent a recurrence of disaster.
Other specimens.
Sent to many herbaria around the world.
As similar as possible to the type specimen.
Levels of Taxonomic categories.
Species
A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitsm
Genetics
the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
Binomial system of nomenclature
Species epithet.
Very species have both a genus name.
The basis of our present.
Monophyletic
All of species included in the genus are related to each other by a common ancestor.
All descendants of that common ancestor are in the same genus.
Genera are natural.
