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The Reproductive System - Cristina Medina (Male reproductive system…
The Reproductive System - Cristina Medina
Male reproductive system
Gametes = sperm
gonads = testes
Sex hormones = testosterone
System of Sperm Ducts
epididymis
where sperm mature
ductus deferens
transports sperm during ejaculation
ejaculatory duct
empties into the urethra
urethra
transports urine and semen
Accessory Sex Glands
Prostate
secretion plays a role in activating sperm and accounts for up to one-third of the semen volume
bulbo-urethral glands
neutralizes traces of acidic urine
seminal glands
70% of semen volume
scrotum = a sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis
Testes
tunica albuginea
tunica vaginalis
seminiferous tubules = sperm factories
testicular arteries supply the testes
testicular veins drain the testes
penis = organ that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract
perineum = suspends the scrotum and contains the root of the penis, and the anus
Female reproductive system
Sex hormones = estrogen and progesterone
Gametes = ova (eggs)
gonads = ovaries
accessory ducts
uterine tubes
receive the ovulated oocyte and are the site where fertilization generally occurs.
ampulla
isthmus
infundibulum
uterus
receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum
vagina
provides a passageway for delivery of an infant and for menstrual flow
Uterine Wall
perimetrium
incomplete outermost serous layer
myometrium
bulky middle layer
endometrium
mucosa that lines the uterine cavity
external genitalia
clitoris
small, protruding structure composed largely of erectile tissue
vestibule
external openings of the urethra and the vagina
labia
elongated, hair-covered fatty skin folds (major), two thin, hair-free skin folds (minor)
mons pubis
fatty, rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis
perineum = located between the pubic arch anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally
Mammary glands produce milk in response to hormonal stimulation to nourish an infant
Disorders
Chlamydia - most common bacterial STI in the U.S.
Trichomoniasis - parasitic infection that is more common in women than men
Gonorrhea - caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, invades the mucosae of the reproductive and urinary tracts
Syphilis - caused by Treponema pallidum, transmitted sexually, but it can be contracted congenitally from an infected mother
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) - group of 40 viruses, causes genital warts and cancer
Genital Herpes - caused by herpes simplex virus, once contracted, genital herpes never leaves
reproductive system functions
Form gametes (specialized cells for sexual reproduction) - sperm in males and ova in females.
Bring the gametes from the male and female together
Combine the genetic information contained within the male and female gametes (fertilization)
Support the development of the fetus and birth of the baby
Hormones
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
Negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release
Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
Progesterone works with estrogens to establish and then help regulate the uterine cycle, and promotes changes in cervical mucu
Estrogen and Progesterone promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary
Gamete formation
meiosis (in both sexes)
meiosis I - homologous pairs of chromosomes separate from each other = reduction division of meiosis
meiosis II - sister chromatids of each chromosome separate = equational division of meiosis
Female Hormonal Cycles
Ovarian Cycle
monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg
follicular phase
cohort of vesicular follicles begins to secrete increasing amounts of estrogens and one of these follicles is selected as the dominant follicle
luteal phase
period during which the corpus luteum is active.
Menstrual Cycle
series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month as it responds to the waxing and waning of ovarian hormones in the blood
Days 0–4: Menstrual phase
uterus sheds all but the deepest part of its endometrium
Days 5–14: Proliferative Phase
endometrium rebuilds itself
Days 15–28: Secretory phase
endometrium prepares for an embryo to implant
Ovulation
ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte, still surrounded by its corona radiata, into the peritoneal cavity