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The Origins of the Fourth Crusade (The Role of Venice (the agreement…
The Origins of the Fourth Crusade
The Papacy of Innocent III
failure of Third and German crusade to take Jerusalem
East kept asking for aid
Who was Pope Innocent
young, 37
Intelligent: went to Paris and Bologna universities
believed in the crusades as an idea and felt is was everybody's duty to support these ventures
Papal Bull: Post miserabile
criticised French, German and English rulers for their constant infighting
HRE was a boy so wouldn't participate so would be aimed at Richard and Philip
created quotes of Muslims criticising and mocking christians
Appeal to Richard
sent Peter Capuano to Richard in December 1198
didn't go well b/c Richard pointed out whilst on crusade he had his land stolen and the Church didn't help him reclaim it when he asked
also asked him to release Bishop Philip Beauvais = bad idea because he had incited harsh treatment from Richard's jailers
Richard died March 1199 + John succeeded him
Appeal to Philip
problems with him because of his love life
his first wife had died in childbirth and he wouldn't go near second wife
got cardinals to annul his marriage
second wife appealed and pope supported her even though Philip had already remarried
Innocent placed interdict on France but this didn't concern Philip
third wife died 1203 but Philip wouldn't reconcile with second one
Preaching The Fourth Crusade
Fulk of Neuilly
very persuasive
enlistment was still slow
main recruiter for the crusade
lack of major kings
means lack of numbers
reason why Cound Thibaut of Champagne and Louis of Blois took the Cross
conflict between Richard and Philip meant they would have been dragged into the fighting as well
Took cross at tournament in Ecry
Thibaut became leader
recruiting was still successful in northern france and the Low Countries
The Weakness of the Byzantine Empire
Anti-latin sentiment
1171: Manuel lured 20000 venetians into constantinople and then took their goods
1182: Andronikus seized power and more anti-latin sentiment ensued
mass killings of venetians in streets of Constantinople
1185: William of sicily had attacked Greeks but lost but fear of western invasion remained
emperors used westerners as easy target to promote their popularity
attempts of reconciliation didn't work
renier of Montferrat married Manuel's daughter, Maria but was murdered in massacre of 1182
meant fuse was easily lit
geographical position
Turks had taken land in anatolia meaning they were a threat again
Bulgars broke away from empire in 1185
meant more resources needed to go to Northern borders
resources drained by attempts of Sicily to take Greek land and further pressure from this area
changes of emperor since Manuel's death in 1180
meant lack of stability
Manuel's wife had been regent to Alexios II
pro latin views meant execution and overthrow by andronikos
Andronikos' harsh rule meant overthrown by Isaac
Isaac overthrown by brother Alexios III because of his military defeats
Alexios III emperor by Fourth Crusade start
The Role of Venice
Pisa and Genoa engaged in war with each other so Venice Chosen
Enrico Dandolo
doge of Venice
blind and in his 90s
energetic ruler and progressed trading reputation of Venice
Geoffrey of Villehardouin sent to negotiate with Venetians
the agreement
85000 marks
fifty armed galleys to be provided
to transport 4500 horses, 9000 squires, 4500 knights 20000 foot sergeants in ships
would provide food for 9 months with charge of 4 marks per horse and 2 marks per man
Strategy
attack on Egypt preferred and primary focus of crusade before Jerusalem
true strategy kept from rank and file soldiers
May 1201: Thibaut died
meant that crusasde deprived of his leadership skills and his men
Boniface of Montferrat given leadership because of his crusading pedigree