Reproductive System Sarah Ramirez P.1
Major Functions
Anatomy of all female and male reproductive system
Formation of Gametes is
Hormones of the reproductive system and their regulations
Events of the female hormonal cycle
Disorders of the reproductive system (STDs & SYIs)
Female: produce egg cells, and protect and nourish the offspring until birth
Male: produce and deposit sperm
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. When it circulates in the blood, it causes the release of two important hormones from the pituitary gland in another specialised part of the brain.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by the pituitary gland during the first half of the menstrual cycle. It stimulates development of the maturing ovarian follicle and controls ovum production in the female, and sperm production in the male.
Leutenizing hormone (LH) is also produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. It stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen and progesterone. It triggers ovulation (the release of a mature ovum from the ovary), and it promotes the development of the corpus luteum.
Oestrogen is a female reproductive hormone, produced primarily by the ovaries in the non-pregnant woman. It promotes the maturation and release of an ovum in every menstrual cycle. It is also produced by the placenta during pregnancy
Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary; its function is to prepare the endometrium (lining of the uterus) for the reception and development of the fertilised ovum. It also suppresses the production of oestrogen after ovulation has occurred.
Chlamydia is the most common bacterial STI in the U.S. Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterium with a viruslike dependence on host cells. Its incubation period may be up to several weeks.
Trichomoniasis is a parasitic infection that is more common in women than men. It is easily and inexpensively treated. While 70% of women have no symptoms, a characteristic yellow-green vaginal discharge with a strong odor is sometimes present.
Syphilis is caused by the corkscrew-shaped bacterium Treponema pallidum, is usually transmitted sexually, but it can be contracted congenitally from an infected mother.
The causative agent of gonorrhea is Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which invades the mucosae of the reproductive and urinary tracts
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion.
FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones.
Negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release
Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release.
LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release.
Days 0–4: Menstrual phase.
the ovarian hormones are at their lowest normal levels
Days 5–14: Proliferative (preovulatory) phase.
In this phase, the endometrium rebuilds itself: Under the influence of rising blood levels of estrogens, the basal layer of the endometrium generates a new functional layer
Days 15–28: Secretory (postovulatory) phase
Rising levels of progesterone from the corpus luteum act on the estrogen-primed endometrium, causing the spiral arteries to elaborate and converting the functional layer to a secretory mucosa.
click to edit
The estrogen-induced secondary sex characteristics of females include:
Breast development
Increasing deposition of subcutaneous fat, especially in the hips and breasts
Development of a wider and lighter pelvis (adaptations for childbirth)
click to edit
Male
testes that lie within the scrotum. From the testes, the sperm are delivered out of the body through a system of ducts:
The epididymis
The ductus deferens
The ejaculatory duct
The urethra, which opens to the outside at the tip of the penis
The accessory sex glands, which empty their secretions into the ducts during ejaculation, are:
The seminal glands
Prostate
The bulbo-urethral glands
Gametes in both male and female are formed through the process of meiosis