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The Impact of the Third Crusade (The German Crusade of 1197 (3 groups left…
The Impact of the Third Crusade
The German Crusade of 1197
The Teutonic Knights
During Third Cursade Germans founded hospital sponsored by Frederick of Swabia
Hospitaller protested saying they served the sick
Chancellor of Hospitallers took control of Teutonic knights + they became a military order
later donations meant they could play similar part to other military order in Levantine politics
Sent envoys to Constantinople to insist on Greek support
good quality roads for his troops
Annual tribute during crusade: Alamanikon
availability of ports and ships + some Greek troops
Capture of King Richard
after he returned Duke Leopold captured him and he was given to Emperor Henry
part of the terms of his ransom was giving Cyprus to Henry
meant that Henry had hold in the East and his possession of Sicily (through marriage to Constance) meant he had springboard to get there
Motives for the Crusade
After Saladin's death in 1193 al-Adil renewed the truce with Franks so Muslims didn't add to the cause of the crusade
Henry was Frederick Barbarossa's son
HRE had already started domination of Mediterranean so land in Outremer would add to this
Relationship with Byzantium alright after FB's travels through there
Isaac had been deposed by his brother but reconciliatory acts towards Rome = wants close union with Western Church
Pope Celestine III gave indulgences and appointed archbishop WIttelsbach as papal legate
3 groups left
April: first group left w/ Papal legate to Cyprus and then on to Acre
Norther Germans sailed via portugal and Messina
King's main troops reached northern Syria in Autumn
Henry meant to deal with business in MEssina and then follow
16 000 reached OUtremer
al-Adil in response took Jaffa
Henry of Champagne sent reinforcements but died whilst reviewing troops in palace courtyard
left Isabella without husband
German actions
took Beirut and Sidon
HRE Henry died in MEssina
Germans still remained to their credit
attack on Toron came to inconclusive end + then Germans left worried about succession
Aimery of Lusignan
Isabella's new husband
had to negotiate peace with al-Adil
al-Adil to keep Jaffa and franks to keep Beirut and Sidon
Saladin's power and prestige
as a leader
his death meant Muslim world had lost a remarkable leader
was able to carry on Nureddin's work of uniting Muslim World to fight against Franks
in early years whilst disunited, chances of regaining Jerusalem were slim
Impact on the Muslim World
Captured Jerusalem
Created Ayubbid dynasty
spanned from Egypt along coasts of Red Sea into Northern Syria
although sons fought over inheritance dynasty would last for 100 years
Proved that united front against franks could be successfull and franks would never be as secure in the Near East again
His image
Chivalrous
known for freeing inhabitants of Jerusalem
actually sold many into slavery
After his death mourned widely
In west songs written about his fight with Richard the Lionheart
John Man - 8 characteristics Saladin possessed
learnt from the best (Nureddin and Shirkuh)
could be ruthless when the occasion called for it
slaughteered Templars and Hospitallers after Hattin
good cause: using Jihad for good effect
able to negotiate in order to unite Syira under his control
wasn't wealthy: similar to Nureddin
able to deliver on promisee to retake Jerusalem
Generous to enemies sometimes
moved siege engines at marriage of Isabella and Humphrey so as not to disturb newly weds
Inspired loyalty by placing his life on the line with his men