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RENAL FAILURE (PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ARF (Decrease in renal blood supply,…

- - - - Causes that causes drop in blood supply to the kidney
      - Result in hypoperfusion of the kidney
      - Drop in gromerular filtration rate
      - MAJOR PRERENAL CAUSES OF ARF
        
        Fluid volume depletion
        
        Vasodilation
        
        Impaired cardiac function
        
        INTRARENAL
        
        structural damages to the parenchyma or kidney tubules
        
        Infection and crush injuries
        
        non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs e.g ibuprufen
        
        all these causes acute tubular necrosis and
        
        POSTRENAL
        
        ARF caused by obstruction in the collecting system
        
        Above the urinary bladder or anywhere below the bladder
        
        obstruction causes reflux
        
        increased pressure inside the kidney
        
        PREVENTION OF ARF
        
        Provision of adequate hydration to all patients at risk
        
        Close monitoring of intake and output
        
        Prevention and treatment of infection(Intra and post-renal)
        
        NURSING INTERVENTION
        
        observation and monitoring of fluid intake and output
        
        observe presence of oedema,altered breath sound
        
        observe body weight changes and distended neck vein
        
        electrolyte should be observed as hyperkaleamia is a threat
        
        fever should be treated promptly