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Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. (Bronchiectasis. (signs and…
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.
Bronchiectasis.
Definition
Abnormal and permanent dilatation of the bronchi.
Causes.
Damage to the tissue of the bronchi
Exposure to toxic substances.
Aspiration of acidic gastric contents.
Pathophysiology
Tissue damage occurs and mucociliary clearance is Impaired.
Secretions not cleared through cough provide good environment for bacterial colonisation.
Progressive damage to the bronchial tissue occur.
Management.
Remove excessive secretions.
Antibiotics.
Reversing the air flow obstruction.
Diagnostic tests.
Chest physiotherapy.
Percussions.
Postural drainage
signs and symptoms
Hemoptysis
Dyspnea
weight loss
fatigue
Nursing intervention
administer bronchodilators as prescribed
perform postural drainage with percussion
encourage alternating activity with rest periods
administer antibiotics as prescribed
Emphysema.
Definition
It is characterised by progressive dyspnoea
Diagnostic tests.
Chest x-ray.
Lung functioning tests
Allergy tests.
Management.
Retaining existing lung function.
Breathing exercises
Antibiotics
Bronchodilators
Causes
Smoking
Exposure to environmental pollutants.
pathophysiology
basis of decreased pulmonary elastic recoil
in pleural pressure, the lung volume is higher than normal
relation between pleural and alveolar pressure facilitates expiratory dynamic compression of airways
signs and symptoms
wheezing
cough that wont go away
chest tightness or pain
Nursing interventions
auscultate lung sounds
monitor ABGs
encourage healthy weight in early stages