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Reproductive System - Gerardo H. (reproductive organs ((Accessory Sex…
Reproductive System - Gerardo H.
Formation of Gametes
Meiosis
Step 1 (Prophase):
The nuclear envelope degrades, which allows the microtubules originating from the centrioles on either side of the cell to attach to the kinetochores in the centromeres of each chromosome
Step 2 (Metaphase):
the homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, near the center of the cell
Step 3 (Anaphase):
the chromosomes are now pulled towards the centrioles at each side of the cell. the centrosomes holding the sister chromatids together do not dissolve in anaphase I of meiosis, not sister chromatids.
Step 3 (Telophase):
the chromosomes are pulled completely apart and new nuclear envelopes form
Result: Two new cells, each haploid in their DNA, but with 2 copies
Major Functions
Male
To produce and deposit sperm
Female
Produce eggs and ovaries
mammary glands produce milk
protect the embyro in the uterus and to stimulate the growth of a human
Hormones of the Reproductive System and their Regulation
GnRH:
stimulated by the hypothalamus; the ovaries grow and continuously secrete small amounts of estrogens, which inhibit hypothalamic release of GnRH; inhibited by negative feedback and positive feed back stimulates release
FSH:
inhibited by negative feedback; this hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation. It also increases oestradiol production.
LH:
produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum
Progesterone:
interact to produce the cyclic events; inhibited by negative feedback by anterior pituitary; cooperates with estrogen to stimulate breast growth
Estrogen:
interact to produce the cyclic events; stimulate the growth and the maturation of the reproductive organs and breasts at puberty; stimulate the secretion of watery cervical mucus; stimulated by FSH and LH for release
Prolactin:
the hormone that tells the body to make breast milk when a person is pregnant or breast-feeding
Female Hormone Cycle - Process
The uterine or menstrual cycle is a series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month as it responds to the waxing and waning of ovarian hormones in the blood
1) Mensus Phase
: menstruation or menses, the uterus sheds all but the deepest part of its endometrium.
2) Proliferative phase:
the endometrium rebuilds itself: Under the influence of rising blood levels of estrogens, the basal layer of the endometrium generates a new functional layer. estrogens also induce the endometrial cells to synthesize progesterone receptors, readying them for interaction with progesterone.
3) Secretory phase:
the endometrium prepares for an embryo to implant. Rising levels of progesterone from the corpus luteum act on the estrogen-primed endometrium, causing the spiral arteries to elaborate and converting the functional layer to a secretory mucosa
reproductive organs
Scrotum:
s a sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis, divided line
Testes:
The outer two-layered tunica vaginalis is derived from an outpocketing of the peritoneum. Each contains one to four tightly coiled seminiferous tubules
Accessory Sex Glands:
Prostate:
encircles the urethra just inferior to the bladder
Bulbo-urethrea glands:
is located posterior to the prostate gland, and is responsible for secreting mucus as lubricant during intercourse
Seminal glands:
account for some 70% of semen volume. These glands lie on the posterior bladder surface
Foreskin:
skin covering the penis is loose, and extends distally around the glans
Perineum:
the diamond-shaped region located between the pubic symphysis anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally
ovaries:
the female gonads
vagina:
Thin-walled tube extending from the cervix to the body exterior; often called the birth canal.
external genitalia
:the labia majora, mons pubis, labia minora, clitoris, and glands within the vestibule
internal genitalia:
her ovaries and duct system—are mostly located in the pelvic cavity
the female’s accessory ducts
, from the vicinity of the ovary to the body exterior, are the uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina. They transport or otherwise serve the needs of the reproductive cells and a developing fetus
Female
Male
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Pubic "Crab" Lice:
small parasites that attach to the skin and hair near your genitals
Bacterial Vaginosis:
Bacterial overgrowth in the vagina
Chlamydia:
a common sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. Women can get chlamydia in the cervix, rectum, or throat. Men can get chlamydia in the urethra (inside the penis), rectum, or throat.
Hepatitis:
an inflammation of the liver. Viruses cause most cases of hepatitis. The type of hepatitis is named for the virus that causes it; for example, hepatitis A, hepatitis B or hepatitis C
Syphilis:
usually transmitted sexually, but it can be contracted congenitally from an infected mother. Fetuses infected with syphilis are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth
Chlamydia trachomatis:
is a bacterium with a viruslike dependence on host cells. Its incubation period may be up to several weeks.
Trichomoniasis
is a parasitic infection that is more common in women than men. It is easily and inexpensively treated. While 70% of women have no symptoms, a characteristic yellow-green vaginal discharge with a strong odor is sometimes present.
HPV:
actually a group of about 40 viruses—is the most common STI in the United States. Although HPV causes genital warts, the long-term concern is that HPV causes cancers in infected body regions.