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Volcanoes (ash cloud lava bomb lava flow Associated hazards pyroclastic…

- - - - A spot of increased radiogenic heat (from radioactive decay) on the Earth's core which triggers more convection.
- - - - April 2010
      - Southern Iceland
      - Eyjafjallajokull
      - Ice-capped stratovolcano
    - - Localised flooding
        
        Damage to infrastructure and farmland
      - Ash cloud across most of Europe
        
        Affected air quality
        
        8 day flight ban
        
        Loss of productivity
        
        People stranded
        
        Companies such as Tesco couldn't fly produce from Kenya
        
        50,000 farmers in Africa temporarily unemployed. Lots of produce went to waste.
        
        Airlines losing £130 million a day
        
        107,000 flights cancelled
        
        10 million people, 47% of all air traffic
      - Contaminated water sources
      - Pumped out 30,000 tons of CO2 a day
    - - Icelandic Meteorological Office worked with several other organisations
        
        London Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre
        
        British Meteorological Office
        
        University of Iceland
      - Help from EU for stranded travellers
      - Experiences eruptions quite often so there were rescue and response teams on standby with specialist equipment
      - Around 500 farmers evacuated
      - People worse dust masks and goggles in Iceland as is advised by gov
  - - - Soufriere Hills, Montserrat
      - April 1995 - 1999
      - Destructive plate boundary
      - Vesuvian eruption
    - - Associated hazards
        
        Pyroclastic flows
        
        Gas, dust, ash and smoke
      - Short term
        
        19 people killed
        
        2000 people evacuated in 1 day
        
        Warning systems and a volcano observatory were set up
      - Long term
        
        Bottom 2/3 of island a permanent exclusion zone.
        
        Homelessness
        
        9000 people moved abroad (brain drain)
        
        Tourism boom with volcano as an attraction
        
        3 year redevelopment programme funded by UK
    - - NGOs such as the Red Cross provided aid
      - Troops sent from USA and British Navy
      - £420 million in financial aid from UK since 1995