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Vascular Plants Without Seeds (The Megaphyll Line of Evolution:…

- - - - lycophyta
    - - small enations
  - - - sporangia clustered together
  - - - common in forests
        
        tropical regions to arctic
    - - less common in temperate North America
    - - plants called quillworts
- - - - branches of equal size
      - end of branches
        
        swollen
        
        contain large, multicellular masses of sporogenous tissue
    - - protostele
        
        center of solid mass of xylem
        
        endarch protostele
        
        prototxylem located at center
        
        exarch protostele
        
        metaxylem located in center
      - siphonostele
        
        pith is present in center
  - - - secondary growth
- - - - one stem was more vigorous
    - - single main trunk
  - - - leaves that evolve from branch system
    - - main stem, smooth, cylindrical, dichotomously branching lateral stems
    - - sporangium-bearing, leaf-like structure
    - - all megaphyllous plants form a monophyletic clade
  - - - united by three synapomorphies
        
        roots have exarch xylem
        
        magaphylls
        
        30-kilobase inversion
  - - - all herbs
        
        no secondary growth
    - - umbrella-shaped
        
        short stalk and flat, shield-shaped head
    - - a main trunk, lateral branches, trunk leaves, trunk roots
  - - - fimilar ferns to us
      - less than 300 species
    - - small segment of vascular cylinder
    - - vascular cambium