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Vascular Plants Without Seeds (Megaphyll line of evolution: euphyllophytes…

- - - - same size
      - vigor
      - epidermis
      - cuticle
      - homosporous
    - - early vascular plants
      - prostrate rhizome
      - upright naked stems
      - terminal sporangia
    - - protostele
        
        solid mass xylem
        
        center
        
        no pith
      - endarch protostele
        
        protozylem
        
        center
        
        metaxylem
        
        outer edge
      - exarch protostele
        
        metaxylem
        
        center
        
        protoxylem
        
        edges
      - siphonostele
        
        later evolved
        
        pith
        
        center
        
        seed plants
  - - - small-long
      - thin scales
      - increased surface area
- - - - small flap
      - tissue #
      - upper surfaces
      - simple structures
      - ancient
- - - - unequal branching
        
        stem more vigorous
    - - single trunk
      - main
  - - - gametophytes
        
        non vascular plants
      - enations/microphylls
      - megaphylls
        
        telome theory
        
        monophyletic clade
        
        euphyllophytes
      - sporophyll
        
        sporangium-bearing
        
        leaf-like structure
  - - - roots
        
        exarch xylem
      - megaphylls
      - 30-kilobase inversion
        
        DNA
    - - monilophytes
        
        ferns
      - lignophytes
        
        woody plants
  - - - 15
        
        scouring rushes
        
        horsetail
    - - umbrella-shaped
    - - main trunk
      - lateral branches
      - true leaves
      - true roots
  - - - first appeared
    - - moist
      - shady forests
      - lakesides
    - - single axis
        
        horizontal rhizome
        
        vertical shoot
        
        true roots
        
        megaphyllous leaves
        
        underside
        
        sori
        
        meiosis occurs
        
        node
        
        leaf trace #
        
        diverges
        
        leaf gap
    - - eusporangium
        
        surface cells
        
        periclinical division
        
        multilayered plates
      - leptosporangia
        
        single surface cell
        
        divides periclinally
        
        outward protrusion
    - - simplest
      - vascular plants
      - Psilotum
        
        upright stems
        
        branch dichotomously