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Vascular Plants Without Seeds (Concepts (interpolation hypothesis…
Vascular Plants Without Seeds
Concepts
all extant plants
dibiotic life cycle
multicellular gametophyte
multicellular sporophyte
algae
monobiotic life cycle
Coleochaete
one multicellular generation
interpolation hypothesis
zygote germinated mitotically
nonvascular plants become intermediates
in green algae to vascular plants
transformation theory
after dibiotic cycle
gametophyte and sporophyte get larger
Early Vascular Plants
Rhyniophytes
#
equal dichotomous branching
branches of equal size and vigor
fossils that are
homosporous
Rhynia
alternation of isomorphic generations
Algaophyton
Cooksonia
Horneophyton
Xylem Structure of Early Vascular Plants
two types of xylem organization
protostele
exarch protostele
#
metaxylem is in the center
protoxylem differentiates on the edge
endarch protostele
protoxylem is in the center
metaxylem differentiates on the edge
no pith
siphonstele
pith is present
in seed pants
ferns
Zosterophyllophytes
#
named after Zosterophyllum
all extinct
small herbs without secondary growth
similar to rhyniophytes
euphyllophytes
ferns
conifers
flowering plants
Rebuchia
sporangia occur at the ends
Crenaticaulis
banching was pseudomonopodial
outgrowths
enations
increased photosynthetic SA
The Microphyll Line of Evolution
Lycophytes
Morphology
genre
Drepanophycus
Baragwanathia
enations are called
microphylls
lycophyll
lycophyte sporophytes
for anchorage
extinct species
Lepidodendron
Stigmaria
too much secondary growth
cambial cells could not function
Heterospory
lycophyte sporangia
cones/strobill
necessary precondition of evolution of seeds
convergant evolution of
leaves
roots
almost seeds
secondary growth
Extant Genera
Lycopodium
homosporous
extinct
Selaginella lepidophyll
heterosporous
apomorphic
ligule
small flap of tissue
Isoetes
quillworts
heterosporous
CAM photosynthesis
Stylites
extreme forms of Isoetes
The Megaphyll Line of Evolution
Euphyllophytes
Trimerophytes
#
Trimerophytophyta
Psilophyton
Pertica
#
pseudomonopodial branching
single main trunk
overtopping
unequal branching
Origin of Megaphylls (Euphylls)
homoplastic
leaves on gametophytes of nonvascular plants
enations/microphylls of zosteophyllphytes
megaphylls
#
telome theory
last dichotomy
telome
plantation
webbing
sporophyll
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Moniophytes
#
euphyllophytes
synapomorphies
roots have exarch xylem
possess megaphylls
30-kilobase in plastid DNA
lingophytes
ferns
horsetails
Psioltales
Equisetophytes
one genera
Equisetum
15 extant species
horsetails
scouring rushes
all herbs
no secondary growth
sporangiophore
umbrella-shaped sporangium
homosporous
monopodial growth
main trunk
lateral branches
true leaves/roots
Ferns
and woody plants
arrived in Devonian Period
leposporangiate ferns
found in most habitats
all are perennial and herbacious
none are woody
at each node
leaf trace
leaf gap
leaves
leathery
delicate
thick
palisade parenchyma
spongy mesophyll
young are coiled
underside
sori
homosporous
two species are heterosporous
Psilotum and Tmesipteris
Psilotum
like Rynia/Algaophyton
highly simplified ferns
tmesipteris
limited to Austrailia
Eusporangia and Leptosporangia
eusporangium
periclinal divisions
mulitlayered plate of cells
leptosporangia
periclinal division
small set of sporangious cells
The Term "Vascular Crytogams"
vasicular crytomgams
ferns/fern allies
have vasicular tissue
no seeds
symplesiomorphies
lack
seeds
flowers
fruits
