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Ecology of the Socialization (Aims of Socialization (enable Self…
Ecology of the Socialization
Socialization Processes
Biological factors (genetics, evolution, hormones)
Experience-expectant
the neural connections that develop under genetic influence, independent of experience, activity, or stimulation
Sociocultural factors are also thought to influence the development of brain neural circuitry.
Interactive factors, such as individual life history, include the child’s receptivity to socialization.
Aims of Socialization
self-esteem the value one places on one’s identity
self-concept an individual’s perception of his or her identity as distinct from others
enable Self-regulation
the ability to control one’s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time, place, or object is available for expressing them
.
empower achievement
Teach appropriate Social roles
implement Developmental Skills
developmental task a task that lies between an individual need and a societal demand
Agents of Socialization
Family, school and child care, peers, mass media and community
Affective Methods of Socialization
Affective refers to feelings or emotions, such as love, anger, fear, or disgust. Affective mechanisms include responses to others, feelings about self, feelings about others, and expression of emotions. Affect emerges from person-to-person interaction, which leads to attachment.
operant producing an effect
reinforcement an object or event that is presented following a behavior and that serves to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again
Operant Methods of Socialization
Reinforcement
positive reinforcement a reward, or pleasant consequence, given for desired behavior
negative reinforcement the termination of an unpleasant condition following a desired response
Extinction
the gradual disappearance of a learned behavior following the removal of the reinforcement
Punishment
physically or psychologically aversive stimuli or the temporary withdrawal of pleasant stimuli when undesirable behavior occurs
Feedback
evaluative information, both positive and negative, about one’s behavior
Learning by Doing
self-efficacy the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes
Observational Methods
modeling a form of imitative learning that occurs by observing another person (the model) perform a behavior and experience its consequence
Cognitive Methods
Instruction
Setting standard a level or grade of excellence regarded as a goal or a measure of adequacy
reasoning giving explanations or causes for an act
Sociocultural Methods
Tradition
Group pressure