Ch 18 Classification and Systematics
Levels of Taxonomic Categories
Cladistics
Understanding Cladograms
Cladograms and Taxonomic Categories
Other Types of Classification Systems
Artificial Systems of Classification
Classification System for Fossils
Taxonomic Studies
The Major Lines of Evolution
species
most fundamental level of classification
set of individuals closely related by descend from a common ancestor
genera (genus)
closely related species are grouped together
family
level above genus
composed of one, several, or many genera
Levels above family
order
class division
kingdom
species epithet
word that distinguishes species from other species
taxon
refers to any of the above groups
method of analyzing phylogenetic evolutionary relationships
cladogram
diagram that shows evolutionary patterns by means of a series of branches
node
each point which the cladogram branches
clad
any node and all the branches that lead from it
apomorphy
derived condition
basal angiosperms
several clades of angiosperms that arose before the rest of the angiosperm diverged into monocots and eudicots
rest of the dicots are called eudicots
basis of classification
easy to observe
form genera
all fossils with same basic form or structure are grouped together
type specimen
single preserved plant that truly carries the name
Grade classification
old classification of Protista
Protistans were placed together because they had a low level of evolutionary advancement
Kingdom Plantae
isotype specimen
specimen obtained from the same plant or clone as the type specimen