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Religious divisions on Elizabeth's succession (Peace with France…
Religious divisions on Elizabeth's succession
Religious divisions on Elizabeth's succession
Act of Succession
Mary never changed it despite not wanting Elizabeth as Queen
she knew Elizabeth would restore Royal Supremacy and end the relationship with Rome
Political world assented to the succession
Elizabeth good at public relations in managing appearances within London
Elizabeth chose political advisors with care
dependent on them for their abilities and to conduct most business on her behalf though she would determine the direction of her policy
Elizabeth's coronation
Cardinal Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury
only Bishop willing to do it was Bishop of Carlisle - least regarded diocese
she wanted Archbishop of York to conduct ceremony
He didn't want to because she said host shouldn't be elevated in communion at coronation
Three options to resolve religious divisions
Continuation of Catholic regime suggested by the clergy
But Elizabeth had already stated intention to restore Royal Supremacy and Break With Rome
Radical protestant settlement
supported by Protestant exiles
Elizabeth opposed it because it would threaten the Royal Supremacy and the system of the Church government used to keep control
More moderate protestant settlement
supported by protestants that had remained in England during Mary's reign
Favoured by Elizabeth because it maintained the Royal Supremacy
Catholics
Elizabeth's accession
meant to Marian bishops that there would be a significant religious change
she had conformed to marian regime but had been tutored to be protestant
Catholicism during Mary's reign
re-establishment of Catholic liturgy and doctrine
Educated catholics responded to changes happening in Europe
Council of Trent been sitting since 1545 where Cardinals attempted to define Catholic beliefs and practices in response to challenges from Luther
BUT many off the Laity were still adhering to medieval Catholic rituals
Mary failed t ore-establish formal relationship between England and Rome because she refused to hand over Cardinal Pole to Rome
Protestant emigres and divisions among those who supported the restoration of a protestant church
400 exiles returned after Mary's death
disagreements between John Knox and Richard Cox
Knox wanted establishment of Calvinist community
this system known as "Geneva Discipline"
order of church government that would put power over laity in the hands of individual church minister + challenged hierarchy of state-controlled church
"first blast of the trumpet" written with Mary in mind but not lost on Elizabeth
Cox wanted English system based on second Edwardian Prayer Book
Coxians were first to return to England
Edward Grindal
one of the first to return
had been instrumental in the development of Cranmer's 42 articles
caplain to Edward VI
believed that 1552 prayer book that focused on salvation by faith alone and recognised Eucharist as memorial of Christ's death was the clearest
attempted to reconcile the two groups
Elizabeth's advisors
Elizabeth didn't choose exiles but those who had conformed to Marian
had been tutors to Edward VI
were pragmatic Humanists who wanted to reform the Commonweath through discussion rather than shouting like Knox
Mathew parker chosen as Archbishop of Canterbury
had been chaplain to Anne Boleyn
dismissive of Catholic Doctrine but trusted by Catholics
Elizabeth's Privy Council
central to her views of government and religious policy
privy council had wide range of religious views but very able
had positions in her household and influence in parliament
reduced potential of factional disputes and allowed Elizabeth could implement her own policy
didn't remove existing coucillors
kept ten of those who had been in Mary's council
amongst them Arundel and Shrewsbury, Petre and Winchester
these men were supportive of Catholic liturgy but not of restoration of papal authority
9 newcomers
these had been men who had served Edward
best described as cautious protestants
William Cecil
became secretary of state
Marquis of Northampton (Catherine Parr's brother)
Catherine Parr was influential to Elizabeth
Catherine was evangelical
she wanted as wide a support base as possible so had both catholics and protestants
Peace with France
continental war against France and Scotland
resulted in fall of Calais to the French in Mary's reign
England had committed military resources to the imperial cause
Elizabeth needed to make peace
had to tackle problem of debt from Henry's invasions of France and Scotland
needed to extricate England from alliances with Spain
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
first part signed April 1559
French would have control of Calai for 8 years and then restore it to England
contingent on England keeping the Peace
if failed france to pay half a million crowns
second part signed 3 april
Treaty between France and Spain: gave Philip control of Italian states
Important part of treaty was keeping peac at Scottish border
This tested when Henry II of France killed in Jousting accident and his son became king
Son, Francis, married to Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
Regent mother wanted to use these troops to strenghten her position when they arrived at the Scottish Border
caused Protestant rebellion
return of John Knox encouraged rebels to attack government and then the French
They then asked English to help them defeat the French sent to pacify border (Elizabeth had promised to help scots)
Elizabeth procrastinated for 2 months until she was sure that Philip wouldn't intervene
March 1560: army sent w/ some success of besieging Garrison at Leith
Treaty of Edinburgh signed with Scots
as much as resutl of Death of Mary's regent mother + loss of French fleet in storm as Elizabeth's military success
1562: persuaded to intervene in French Wars of religioun in support of Huguenot cause
Intention to regain Calais
failure of Hugueots meant that English lost Le Havre which they had seized as bargaining counter