Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Asthma. (Tests and diagnosis (Lung…
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
Asthma.
Definition
Long term respiratory condition in which the airways may unexpectedly and suddenly narrow, often in response to an allergen, cold air, exercise or emotional stress.
Symptoms
Wheezing.
Shortness of breath.
Chest tightness.
Coughing.
Pathophysiology
Inflammation of airways.
Intermitted airflow obstruction.
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
Pathogenesis
Antigen presentation by the dentritic cells with the lymphocytes and cytokine response leading to airway inflammation and asthma symptoms.
Tests and diagnosis
Lung functioning tests, eg spirometry and methacholine challenge test.
Chest x-ray.
Allergy tests.
Evaluation for heartburn and GERT.
Evaluation of the sinuses.
Treatment and drugs.
Bronchial thermoplasty for asthma.
Inhalers.
Oral medications eg. prednisone.
Causes of asthma.
Allergens.
Overweight/ obesity.
Smoking.
Breathing polluted air.
Management.
Regular visits to healthcare facility.
Avoiding asthma triggers.
Patient to adhere to treatment regime to avoid complications.
Patient to use short-term and long-term to relieve symptoms.
Nursing intervention
Assess respiratory rate
Assess the depth and rhythm
Assess vital signs
Assess level of anxiety
Assess breathing sounds
Chronic bronchitis
Definition.
Inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes which carry air to and from the lungs.
Causes.
Flu and cold viruses.
Bacteria.
Cigarette smoking.
Environmental factors.
Signs and symptoms.
Persistence cough which may produce mucus.
Wheezing.
Low fever and chills.
Chest tightening.
Sore throat.
Body aches.
Breathlessness.
Headaches.
Blocked nose and sinuses.
Treatment.
Rest
Drink lots of fluids.
Take OTC cough suppressants
Take pain relievers
Bronchodilators
Mucolytics
Oxygen therapy
Antibiotics
Tests and diagnosis.
Chest x-ray
Lung functioning testing
Blood tests
Complications of chronic bronchitis.
Most common complication is pneumonia.
Management.
Stop smoking
Oral agents and aerosol sprays may be used.
Antibiotics
Nursing intervention
assess oxygen saturation
assess adverse effects of bronchodilators
teach control of coughing
encourage high level of fluid intake