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The course of the 3rd Crusade (Jerusalem to Jaffa (Problems for Richard,…

- - - - had a weak position as emperor and limited hold on provinces
      - worried he would lose his position to the Germans
        
        such a big army
      - Locals attacked stragglers of the army
        
        Isaac powerless to stop this
        
        Frederick had to make alliances with local lords
        
        army made it to Philippopolis without further incident
        
        sent envoys to Isaac asking for safe passage and food
    - - Frederick took town of Didymotichum
      - also told his son to organise fleet against Byzantium
      - Isaac then saw sense and offered food and safe passage but now nervous as Crusaders had to winter at Adrianople until March 1190
  - - - were running out of food and no water nearby
      - May: Battle at Iconium
        
        Frederick beat Sultan's son and gained entry to town
        
        subdued KA II, given men time to rest and able to negotiate supplies
    - - Saladin received men from northern Syria and Baghdad
      - also redeployed men from siege of Acre
        
        gave Guy more hope of victory
    - - German morale decreased and some went home
      - Son: Frederick Duke of Swabia took over leadership
        
        went to Antioch where there was epidemic and more died
        
        Lead men to acre and then he died in 1191
        
        Duke Leopold of Austria now in charge of German remnants
- - - - Richard offered 3
      - argument started
    - - Richard set sail for Messina
      - arrived September 1190 in flamboyant show
        
        annoyed Philop a bit
        
        Philip tried to immediately leave for holy land but winds meant he had to stay
  - - - he died in November 1189
        
        crusaders lost important ally
      - now succession crisis
        
        WIlliam had no sons + natural successor his aunt Constance was married to Henry VI of Germany (didn't want to be part of German Empire)
        
        William had been married to Richard's sister and Dowry on his death not paid and Richard wanted it
    - - Richard began to press issue of dower
      - Richard took island off coast of Sicily and placed Joan there
      - animosity between them and greeks so RIchard called a meeting
        
        fighting started outside of tents and Richard told his men to arm themselves
        
        fighting over quickly, Richard raised standard above Messina and Tancred had no option but to pay the dower
        
        Richard then sailed on to Cyprus, told Philip he wouldn't marry Alice, and brought new wife with him
  - - - some arrived shipwrecked on Cyprus coast
      - leader Isaac ducas at odds with Isaac II of Byzantium and didn't want invading army on his land
        
        Isaac captured first arrivals of crusaders, including Richard's wife and sister
    - - Captured Isaac and took Cyprus
        
        good springboard into holy land
    - - sailed onto Acre
      - sank Muslim ship with supplies for Acre and arrived June 1191
  - - - arrival at siege of Acre bossted forces
      - Philips arrival had given Conrad a useful ally
      - Sybilla had died during winter of 1190
        
        Guy really needed his lord, Richard
      - He had married Sybilla's stepsister, Isabella, only rival claim to the throne
        
        Isabella had quickly divorced Humphrey
    - - well received
      - had siege engines and supplies
      - crusaders had to get into walls and prepare for Saladin to attack from behind them
    - - tried to get terms from Saladin but he refused
      - Garrison of Acre took decision to offer crusaders terms
      - banners of Jerusalem, france and England raised above the city
        
        banner of Duchy of Austria removed on Richard's orders and leopold left
        
        bad decisison because after coming back from outremer he was captured and given to Leopold and terms of release was a very hefty ransom
    - - because of illness and needed to stake claim to flanders after count of Flanders had died in Acre
      - Philip would cause troubles in Richard's lands + Richard from that point was very wary
  - - - there was enough manpower to guard the prisoners and rebuild defences of Acre
      - BUT Richard was ready to go on to Jerusalem
    - - he thought Saladin was stalling to hand over the True Cross
      - by the one month time limit there was no money, Christian prisoners or True Cross
      - Christians decided to slaugther prisoners at Acre
        
        Richard wanted to go to Jerusalem but couldn't with prisoners and didn't want to leave men to guard them
        
        august 1191: march to Jerusalem began
- - - - people from France, Germany, Anglo-Norman realm
      - supplemented by Templar's and Hospitallers
    - - horsed archers fired arrows from safe distance to entice charge
      - Muslims used simple and effective tactics
      - lead to knights being surrounded and killed
    - - close-knit formation w/ infantry marching on oustide to protect knights
        
        Infantry closest to sea and those closest to enemy would switch to offer rest from Muslims
      - marched keeping to the coast and escorted by ships with suppplies and the injured
  - - - used plain hidden by forest so when crusaders emerged confronted by army
    - - Richard kept control of men and waited for chance to charge
    - - started chain reaction
      - Richard decided to charge
        
        victory
        
        Saladin no longer seen as invincible
  - - - this would pave the way for Egypt
      - Main force wanted Jerusalem
    - - also acted as conciliator between Genoa and Piso b/c would need their fleets if they attacked Egypt
    - - was possible to Richard that they would attack Acre
      - Strengthened Conrad's position in Tyre
    - - Offered his sister's hand in marriage to Al-adil
      - also said they could be co-rulers of Jerusalem
      - Saladin said that al-Adil would not convert to Christianity and Joan would have to convert to Islam
      - meanwhile saladin resting troops and gathering supplies
      - proposal failed and Richard began moving supplies to Ramla
    - - bad weather = food rotting and armour rusting
      - spirits high because of Jerualem motive
      - January 1192: troops moved to Beit Nuba 12 miles from Jerusalem
      - 6 Jan: Military orders persuaded Richard to not attack Jerusalem because they would be attacked by Jerusalem and relieving army behind
        
        Richard agreedd and withdrew from Beit Nuba to Ramla
        
        lost morale because no attack
        
        French went to Acre and Tyre
        
        Richard went to Ascalon and found it destroyed 21 Jan 1192
- - - - able to put Conrad to flight but couldn't get more men = further negotiation w/ al-Adil
  - - - local council didn't respect Guy
      - Richard offered Guy Cyprus as compensation
        
        R had sold it to Templars but they hadn't paid him
  - - - bad idea because it gave philip excuse to start causing trouble in France
  - - - Richard gave castle to Henry
  - - - representatives of templars, hospitallers, french and Richard's army
      - Egypt considered next target
        
        Military orders backed him up
        
        only french saw it differently
  - - - meant no reinforcements for Saladin and opened way to Egypt or Jerusalem
  - - - French left + richard reopened negotiations with al-Adil
  - - - Saladin not worried because he thought he had enough men
      - Richard came and retook the city
        
        negotiations resumed
        
        Saladin knew richard didn't have enough men
        
        4 August prepared attack but spears and arrows scared horses = panic among Muslims + withdrew
  - - - Jerusalem opened to Christians