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Hormonal Co-ordination (Artificial Fertility Control (Pill Combined…
Hormonal
Co-ordination
Hormone
Control
Endocrine System
Made of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream
Blood carries hormones to organ cell receptors
In general, slower than NS but longer-lasting effects
Rapid HM - Adrenaline (fight/flight), Insulin (blood sugar)
Pituitary Gland
Master gland, co-ordinates other glands
Secretes various HM to control body's conditions
Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)
controls kidney urine condition
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
stims ovaries for oestrogen
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
stims Thyroid to metab'control
Stimulates male testes to for testosterone
Glands
Pituitary
-
stim. other glands, produces various HM
Thyroid
-
controls metabolism
Pancreas
-
Controls blood glucose levels
Adrenal
-
Prepares for fight/flight response
Ovaries
-
Female secondary sexual developments (inc. periods)
Testes
-
Male second. sexual developments (inc. sperm)
Blood Glucose
Control
Insulin
Beta cells
- converts glucose to glycogen
Meals
= large glucose intake,
level variation
W/o control, constant high levels and crashes
Moves glucose
into cells
from blood, converts rest
Glyco. - insoluble
, doesn't affect water potential
W/ full
muscles, liver
- rest turned to
lipids = obesity
Also incr. cell respiration sending Gluco. to cells
Glucagon
Alpha cells
- breaks glyco. back to gluco.
Raises BG levels
, keeps levels in narrow range w/ insulin
Amino acids/fats also broken down
; glyco taken from liver
Type 1 Diabetes
W/o enough insulin, BloGlu levels are uncontrolled
Leads to hypertonic blood levels
Gluco removed in
urine
, always need more water
Gluco deosn't get reach cells as well -
always tired
Break down fat/proteins instead -
weight loss
Maybe
genetics
; develops in
kids, teens
Type 2 Diabetes
Very common; linked to age, weight, genetics
Cells less responsive to insulin (receptors covered in fat)
Rising cases in UK/SA
w/ rising obesity problems
Diabetes
Treatment
Treating Type 1
Insulin intake before meals - usually injection
Can't be oral (digested before effective)
Stops hi BG levels, gluca still works
Careful
carb counting
, exercise planning needed
More
attention to BG levels
, daily injections
Curing Type 1 Diabetes
Pancreas transplant - risky, dangerous
Only few hundred/year; 250k in UK have T1
Not enough donors
; still need
immunosuppresants
Ltd success
w/ pancreatic cell transplants
Genetic Engineering for Type 1
2005
-
produced insul-secrete cells from stem cells
cured diabetes in mice
2008
-
G.engineer mouse pan.
enzyme produce cells
into insul-produce cells
; people trying w/ adult stem cells
Possible engineer of
faulty cells to functional
; no rejection
Hopefully T1 becomes curable
Treating Type 2
Balanced diet, Weight loss, Regular exercise
Drugs
- better insulin, more insulin production
or reduce glucose absorption
Last resort - insulin injections
Negative
Feedback
Definition
Receptors
detect
certain stimulus as a
change
in a factor of the
internal evironment
and
responds
w/ HM
to
oppose
that
change
Works to
for constant state
(e.g. Glucagon, Glycogen; Thyroxine, TSH etc.)
Thyroxine
N.feedback keeps thyroxine levels constant
Neck thyroid uses
Iodine
for
HM prod.
; control
basal metab.
Controls
O2 consumption
,
child brain development
Brain sensors detect change,
pit. changes TSH levels
Adrenaline
Doesn't involve N.feedback
Adrenal (kidney top)
incr. BPM, breathe rate
Glycogen to glucose for respiration, pupils dilate
Mental awareness incr, more blood to skeletal muscles
Incr. O2, Glucose to brain, muscles
until threat goes
Human
Reproduction
Puberty
Primary sexual characteristics - from birth
Secondary sexual characteristics - from puberty
Oestrogen
From ovaries, causes changes from
8-14
Growth spurt, Armpit hair, Pubic hair, breasts
Fat deposits in hips, butt, thighs; brain change
Menstrual Cycle
Monthly
-
eggs mature, uterus lining thickens for pregnancy
28 days
-
egg released (ovulation) 14 day window
Period
-
uterus lining, egg shed w/ blood
Female Fertility
Girls produce all eggs in childhood for 35-40 yrs
Extended time w/ pregnancy; menopause - no more eggs
Near menopause - less fertile, genetic risks w/ baby incr.
Testosterone
Changes happen later:
9 - 15 yrs
Growth
spurt, new
hair
(armpit, facial, pubic)
Bigger larynx,
voice
beak,
testes
grow & activate
Shoulders, chest broaden; muscles, brain develop
Menstrual Cycle
Definition
Begins w/ period; half way - new egg released
Fertilisation - lining provides food, protection
Hormones
FSH - Matures eggs
, Stimulates ovaries for oestrogen
Oest - Lining development
, inhibits FSH, stimulates LH
Luteinising Hormone (LH) stimulates ovulation
Prog - Maintains lining
, inhibits both FSH, LH
Control
Monthly - pit. uses FSH on ovaries for Oestrogen
LH peak in cycle by Oest causes ovulation
Progesterone
(Prog)
released by
empty egg follicle
after ovulation, ready for pregnancy
FSH, Oest, LH, Prog
Artificial
Fertility
Control
Pill
Combined
-
Oest w/ Prog inhibits FSH release
Prevent Uterus development, Stronger Cervix mucus
prevent Sperm entering; some side effects
Prog only
-
Less side effects, constant intake
Body can easily revert back otherwise leading to ovulatio
n
Implant & Patches
Implants last +3 yrs, small
tube under skin releases Prog
99.95% effective
;
injections only last ~12 weeks
Patches - use
Oest & Prog, absorbed directly into blood
Replaced weekly, put on skin
Chemicals
Kill, disable sperm (
spermicides
)
Available,
least effective
against pregnancy
Barriers
Condom
- thin latex sheet, can break
Prevents some STDs (Syphilis, HIV/AIDS)
Diaphragm
- Placed over cervix, fitted by doctor
Barriers work better w/ spermicide
IUD - Intrauterine Devices
Lasts 3-5 yrs
; small devices in uterus, removable at any time
Copper
- prevent embryos implanting in uterus
Prog
- prevent lining development, thickens cervix mucus
Effective
; can cause
infections, period problems
Abstinence
No sex = no pregnancy
Rhythm method
- sex outside of ovulation period
Very effective, reliable w/ ovulation indicators
Some religions are against contraception
Surgical
Permanent
sterilisation
Vasectomy
- sperm ducts cut & tied
Tubal Ligation
- Oviducts cut & tied
Needs
general anaesthetic
Infertility
Treatment
Ovulation
Not enough FSH
for egg development
Artificial FSH and LH drugs
can be used instead
'71 - IT doctor removed 10 girls, 5 boys from 35 y/o
(4 months) not one survived; more
careful doses needed
IVF - In vitro Fertilisation
For ambiguous causes
, infection or need for donor egg
Sometimes men lack sperm production;
individ. sperm inject
FSH, LH drugs bring many mature eggs to before ovulation
Collect eggs in ovaries and fertilise outside body in lab
Devloped in warm solutions; then inserted back in uterus
Relies on
hi level microscopy & manipulation
to work
Cons
Expensive
for NHS & individuals
Decreasing success
with ages
Fertility drugs can have
health risks
IVFs are stressful, emotionally
exhausting
1 in 5 are
multiple pregnancies
; Naturally it's 1 in 80
Incr.
stillbirth and premature birth risks
(costs to keep alive)
Premature often have
severe, permanent disabilities
Embryos can be stored; a problem w/
broken relationships
Plant
Hormones
Highly sensitive
Seeds need to know which way roots go
to anchor in soil and gain water, minerals
Also needs to know which way shoots go
to
PS
(towards PS) going against
gravity
Plant response
Result of plant hormones coordinating growth
Tropism
-
response of plants to factors
Phototropism
- to light;
Gravitropism
- to gravity
Chemotropism
- to sol. chem;
Thigmotropism
- to touch
Hydrotropism
- to water root growth towards
Auxin HM
-
response through uneven distribution
Gather on one side of plant w/ gravity & light
Unequal growth
=
plant grows in right direction
More growth on unequal side
=
growth bending
Auxin inhibits root cells, helps shoot cells
Growth with gravity in roots, against it in shoots
Using Plant
Hormones
Overview
Auxin best known;
Gibberellins
- help init.
germination
trigger breakdown of food stores at start, stim. growth
Ethene
- Gas (unusual), important for
fruit ripening
HM use
Var. ways to incr. plant growth success
For garden (horticulture) and Food on farms (agriculture)
Auxin
Grow more plant from
seeds = variation
;
cuttings = clones
Cuttings - small stem piece
into special soil, roots grow
Rooting powder cantains Auxin
(IAA), dip end of cutting
Incr. chance of success; used in
modern plant tissue cultures
for cloning, stim. growrh in tissue culture
help prod. clones
HM weed killers
Extra auxin can send plants
in rapid growth killing them
Broader leaves catch more
(weeds, dicotyledons/dicots)
Narrower catch less
(cereal crops, monocotyledons/monocots)
Effect one type of plant =
selective herbicides
Remove competition for light, minerals; incr. yield accross EU
Gibberellins
Used in brewing industry to
end dormancy
, speed
up barley seed germination (for malt production)
Promote flowering
, espec. pot plants (Chrysan. etc.)
Incr. fruit size
(seedless grapes small otherwise)
Growers spray fruit w/ Gib. replacing nat. HM, grow well
Ethene
Widely used for fruit ripening,
Bananas prod. most naturally
Unripened fruits for transport
(firm, green) less damage
Stored until needed,
warm temp, ethene
added to atm.
Stored fruit rapidly ripened -
perfect for sale
when needed