Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

C6 (Extraction (Iron (Stage 1 (Coke burns in hot air, C(s) + O₂(g) →…

- - - - 2CuS(s) + 3O₂(g) → 2CuO(s) + 2SO₂(g)
      - Copper sulfide roasted in air
    - - 2CuO(s) + C(s) → 2Cu(s) + CO₂(g)
      - Copper oxide heated with carbon
  - - - Coke burns in hot air
      - C(s) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g)
    - - Coke oxidised to make carbon monoxide
      - C(s) + CO₂(g) → 2CO(g)
    - - Carbon monoxide reduces iron oxide to iron
      - 3CO(g) + Fe₂O₃(s) → 3CO₂(g) + 2Fe(l)
    - - Stage 1
        
        Limestone decomposes
        
        CaCO₃(s) → CaO(s) + CO₂(g)
      - Stage 2
        
        Reacts with silica to form slag
        
        CaO(s) + SiO₂(g) → CaSiO₃(l)
  - - - Bacteria oxidises iron/sulfide ions, producing sulfuric acid
      - Sulfuric acid breaks down copper sulfide ores
      - :check:
        
        Cheaper
        
        Allows extraction from low-grade ores
        
        Bacteria occur naturally
      - :red_cross:
        
        Slow
        
        Toxic substances sometimes produced
        
        Could contaminate water supplies
    - - Crops planted in low-grade ore, absorb ions
      - Harvested & burned to ash
      - Metal from ash extracted using normal methods
      - 'Complexing agents' added so metal ions absord more easily
      - :check:
        
        Cheaper
        
        Less waste
        
        Smaller energy transfer
        
        Close to carbon-neutral
      - :red_cross:
        
        Slow
        
        May need years of replanting to extract metal
- - - - Lots of oxygen available
      - Produces carbon dioxide & water
    - - Poor supply of oxygen
      - Produces water & carbon monoxide/carbon particles
  - - - Combines to form larger molecule
      - e.g. ethene + bromine → dibromoethane
      - Bromine water turns from orange to colourless
      - Also react with hydrogen (with nickel catalyst) to form alkanes
  - - - Alcohol reacts with oxidising agent
      - Potassium manganate solution (KMnO₄)
      - Acidified with sulfuric acid for optimal conditions
      - Purple manganate (VII) ions reduced to pink manganese (II) ions
      - Colour change: purple → pink
      - e.g. propanol → propanoic acid (oxidisation)
  - - - Smaller alkanes more useful as fuels
      - Lower boiling points
      - Less viscous
      - Ignites more easily
- - - - High strength
      - Irregular structure
      - Zero porosity
      - Opacity
  - - - Glass fibres in resin
      - Boats, canoes, surfboards
      - Lightweight & strong (fibres)
      - Hardwearing (resin)
    - - Thin sheets of wood
      - Glued with alternating grains
      - Flooring & walls
      - Resists bending in both directions
    - - Carbon fibres in resin
      - Sport equipment, racing cars, aircraft
      - Stronger than fibreglass
    - - Embedding steel rods in concrete
      - High compressive strength (concrete)
      - High tensile strength (steel)
    - - Weaving cotton thread with polyester fibre
      - Hard-wearing (polyester)
      - Comfortable (cotton)
  - - - Chosen for cables
      - Quite conductive
      - Strong
      - Very light
    - - Chosen for insulators
      - High compressive strength
      - High tensile strength
      - Poly(propene) too weak (although has lower resistance)
  - - - Ease of collection/sorting
      - Amount/type of by-products
      - Cost compared to landfill/incineration
      - Energy needed
    - - Conserving raw materials
      - Reducing harmful substances in environment
      - Reducing waste
    - - Heated to liquid
      - Poured into moulds
    - - Mixed with soapy water to remove ink, glue, etc.
      - Mixed to create 'slurry
      - Cleaned, rolled & dried
    - - Sorted by colour
      - Crushed, heated & moulded
    - - Sorted by type
      - Shredded & granulated
      - Washed & compounded into pellets
- - - - Nitrogen - poor growth, yellow leaves
      - Phosphorous - poor root growth, discoloured leaves
      - Potassium - poor fruit growht, discoloured leaves
    - - Neutralisation reaction
      - Potassium hydroxide & sulfuric acid
      - Phenolphthalein indicator (turns pink)
    - - Neutralisation reaction
      - Ammonia & sulfuric acid
      - Methyl orange indicator (turns yellow)
    - - Laboratory
        
        Batch process - small amount produced at once
        
        Pure substances from manufacturer
      - Industrial
        
        Continuous process - large amount all the time
        
        Raw materials, need to be purified
  - - - 20MPa (fewer mol of gas on right)
      - 450°C (exothermic reaction)
      - Iron catalyst (works more efficiently above 400°C)
  - - - S(s) + O₂(g) → SO₂(g)
      - Combustion to form sulfur dioxide
    - - 2SO₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇌ 2SO₃(g)
      - Contact process - sulfur trioxide produced
      - Conditions
        
        200kPa
        
        450°C
        
        Vanadium oxde (V₂O₅) catalyst
        
        96% yield
    - - H₂O(l) + SO₃(g) → H₂SO₄(aq)
      - Very exothermic, acidic mist produced
      - 1) H₂SO₄(l) + SO₃(g) → H₂S₂O₇(l)
      - 2) H₂S₂O₇(l) + H₂O(l) → H₂SO₄(aq)
      - Passed through concentrated acid to make oleum
      - Added to water to make larger volume of acid
      - Done in two steps
  - - - Catalyst - enzymes in yeast cells
      - glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol
      - C₆H₁₂O₆(aq) → 2CO₂(g) + 2C₂H₅OH(aq)
      - 35°C, normal atmospheric pressure
      - Plant sugars used in fermentation
      - 15% yield
    - - Hydration of ethene
      - ethene + steam ⇌ ethanol
      - C₂H₄(g) + H₂O(g) ⇌ C₂H₅OH(g)
      - Exothermic
      - 300°C, 60atm, phosphoric acid catalyst
      - 95% yield
- - - - Aluminium sulphate & lime added
      - Particles of dirt clump & settle
    - - Passed through fine sand
      - Removes smaller particles & microbes
    - - Chlorine added
      - Kills microbes
    - - Requires desalination
      - Simple distillation needed on large scale
      - Very expensive, lots of energy needed
  - - - Combines with water to make acid rain
      - Irritates nose, mouth & throat
      - e.g. sulphur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen monoxide (NO)
    - - Produced in industrial processes & incomplete combustion
      - Settle deep in lungs, can cause bronchitis/heart disease
      - PM₁₀ particles - 10μm (10⁻⁶m) diameter or less
    - - Produced by incomplete combustion
      - Attaches to haemoglobin, reduces oxygen capacity
      - Converter
        
        Platinum & rubidium catalyst fitted on cars
        
        Car engine provides hot conditions
        
        2CO + 2NO → N₂ + 2CO₂
        
        Makes much less dangerous gases
  - - - Combustion of fosisl fuels
      - Livestock farming
      - Landfill waste sites
    - - Alternatives for fossile fuels e.g. biofuels
      - Renewable energy sources
      - Carbon capture to store CO₂
  - - - 78% nitrogen
      - 21% oxygen
      - 0.04% carbon dioxide
      - 0.9% argon
      - 0.06% other
    - - Volcanoes released lots of water vapour & CO₂
      - Atmosphere was mostly CO₂
      - Plants & algae produced oxygen by photosynthesis
      - Initially, oxygen reacted with metals in rocks to produce oxides
- - - - Carboxylic acid with two carboxyl groups (dicarboxylic acid)
      - Alcohol with two hydroxyl groups (dialcohol)
      - React to form ester group (-COO-), joining the monomers
      - -COOH + -OH → -COO- + H₂O
    - - Dicarboxylic acid + diamine
      - React to form amide group
      - -COOH + -NH₂ → -CONH- + H₂O
      - Proteins
        
        Two different functional groups per molecule
        
        One amino (-NH₂), one carboxyl (-COOH)
        
        Natural polyamides
      - Nylon
        
        Dicarboxylic acid & diamine added seperately
        
        Nylon forms at interface between solution
        
        Can be pulled out as a strand
  - - - Nucleotides are monomers
      - Triple hydrogen bond between C & G
      - Double hydrogen bond between A & T
      - Phosphate group & deoxyribose
    - - Amino acid monomers
      - 20 different natural amino acids
      - Functional groups on acids react
    - - Compounds of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
      - Simple sugars e.g. glucose (small molecules)
      - Complex sugars e.g. starch (long polymers)
- - - - Iron, chromium
      - Buildings, cars
      - Higher tensile strength
      - Ductile
    - - Aluminium, copper
      - Aircraft parts
      - Higher tensile strength
      - Low density
    - - Tin, copper
      - Electrical components
      - Lower melting point
      - Solidifies quickly
      - Good conductor of electricity
    - - Copper, zinc
      - Instruments, coins, plug pins
      - Conducts electricity
      - Stronger & harder (different sized atoms cannot slide)
      - Resists corrosion
    - - Copper, tin
      - Bells, ship propellors
      - Resists corrosion
      - Expands as it solidifies
      - Stronger & harder
  - - - Does not react easily with oxygen/water
      - Reacts in the presence of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S)
      - Produces thin layer of black silver sulphide (Ag₂S)
    - - iron + oxygen + water → hydrated iron(III) oxide
      - Salt increases rate of rusting
      - Anhydrous calcium chloride absorbs water vapour
      - Boiled water removes dissolved oxygen
      - Salt water is an electrolyte which conducts ions
    - - Alloying
        
        Stainless steel - iron mixed with chromium
        
        Forms chromium oxide on surface, prevents contact
        
        Expensive
      - Sacrificial protection
        
        More reactive metal attached
        
        e.g. zinc/magnesium bolted on hulls of ships
        
        Sacrificial metal loses electrons more easily, corrodes first
      - Metal plating
        
        Galvanising - dipped in molten zinc, sacrificial
        
        Tin plating - dipped in molten tin/electroplated
        
        (N.B. tin more reactive than steel, steel rusts first & faster)
- - - - 2) Electrons pass through circuit
      - 3) H⁺ ions passe through proton exchange membrane
      - 4) Ions react with oxygen (& electrons) at cathode to make water
      - 1) Hydrogen loses electrons at anode
    - - Lightweight, compact
      - Non-polluting
      - Hydrogen can be produced renewably
      - Doesn't need to be recharged
    - - Hydrogen highly flammable
      - Gases difficult to store
      - Majority of hydrogen produced non-renewably