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Respiratory System (Pulmonary Respiration (Respiratory Volumes (Expiratory…

- - - - Boyle's Law: gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of the gas. At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with it volume. P= pressure of gas, V= gas volume, P1 V1 = P2 V2.
      - Inspiration process = 1. inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends, rib cage rises); 2. thoracic cavity volume increases; 3. lungs are stretched and intrapulmomary volume increases; 4. Intrapulmonary pressure decreases; 5. air/ gas flows into lungs down pressure gradient.
      - Expiration process = 1. Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises, rib cage descends, coastal cartilage recoils); 2. thoracic cavity volume decreases; 3. elastic lungs recoil passively and intrapulmonary volume decreases; 4. intrapulmonary pressure rises; 5. air/ gas flow out of lungs down pressure gradient
- - - - 7-10% of all CO2 is dissolved in plasma
      - 20% of all CO2 is bound to the globin of hemoglobin
      - 70% of all CO2 is transpoted as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the plasma
      - CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3-
    - - decrease in pO2 and decrease in hemoglobin oxygen saturation causes an indrease in CO2 transportatino in blood
        
        BOHR EFFECT: as more CO2 enters blood --> increase in O2 disassociation form Hb
        
        decrease in Hb buffers H+
        
        as HbO2 releases more oxygen, it becomes easier to blong with CO2 to form carbamino hemoglobin
  - - - Red Blood Cell
        
        CO2 + Hb --> HBCO2 (carbaminohemoglobin)
        
        CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3-
        
        this is a faster process compare to the same reaction in the blood plasma because it IS catalyzed by carbonic anhydrate. This H+ is then combined with Hb after a reaction to release oxygen, shown under the oxygen branch.
        
        CHLORIDE SHIFT: This HCO3- (within systemic arteries) travels through diffusion from the RBC to the blood plasma. Cl- from the blood plasma diffuses into the RBC to balance the movement of HCO3-, this is referred to as the chloride shift
        
        This is referred to as the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, it allows the blood to have some control to resist changes in pH.
      - Blood Plasma
        
        Some CO2 dissolved in plasma (7-10%)
        
        CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3-
        
        this is a slow process compare to the same reaction within the RBC, because it is NOT catalyzed with carbonic anhydrate. The H+ is bound to plasma proteins
    - - In the RBC, HbO2 --> O2 + Hb
        
        O2 is diffused to interstital fluid and then into the tissue cell
        
        This Hb participates in another reaction: Hb + H+ --> HHb
  - - - CO2 which was dissolved in plasma membrane
      - H+ + HCO3- --> H2CO3 --> CO2 +H20 (slower process compared to the same reaction within the RBC because this reaction is NOT catalyzed by carbonic anhydrate)
    - - HbCO2 --> Hb + CO2
      - H+ + HCO3- --> H2CO3 --> CO2 +H20
        
        HCO3- enters the RBC from the blood plasma, causing Cl- to exit the RBC through diffusion to keep the balance. This is referred to as the chloride shift
        
        faster process because it is catalyzed be carbonic anhydrate
        
        This is referred to as the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, it allows the blood to have some control to resist changes in pH.
    - - Through diffusion, dissolved in the plasma
    - - O2 + HHb --> HbO2 + H+
- - - - Blood leaving lungs and entering tissues- PO2 of 100 and PCO2 of 40
      - Blood leaving the tissues and entering the lungs- PO2 of 40 and PCO2 of 45
      - Laws Governing Pressure
        
        Henry's Law states that when a gas comes in contact with a liquid, the gas will dissolve in accordance with it's partial pressure.
        
        When the partial pressure of CO2 is higher in the pulmonary capillaries, it will diffuse across the respiratory membrane into the alveoli of the lungs
        
        Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure exerted by each individual gas in the mixture. It's partial pressure is directly proportional to the percentage of that gas in the mixture.
        
        The air inhaled into the lungs will have the same partial pressures as the atmospheric air
- - - - At the same time, CO2 move quickly along its pressure gradient into the blood.
        
        Venous blood draining the tissue capillary beds and returning to the heart has a partial pressure of ogyen of 40 mm Hg and partial pressure of carbon dixiode of 45 mm Hg.