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Reproductive system (disorders (gonorrhea (symptoms (yellow or white…

- - - - blisters in or around vagina
      - fever and headaches
      - small sores or clusters of blisters on penis
  - - - warts look like cauliflowers
      - may cause itching burning but most often do not cause pain
      - warts may not be detected in females because they are located internally
  - - - painful sores at point of contact
      - chancres can turn to copper colored skin rashes on hand and feet or cover the entire body
    - - fever, headache, loss of appetite
      - symptoms disappear but bacterium remains in body and eventually travels to other organs including brain, eyes, heart, causing organ damage
      - can lead to death in ten to thirty years due to heart attack or from brain damage
  - - - no symptoms until immune system is activated
      - fever fatigue
      - swollen lymph nodes
      - weight loss
      - opportunistic infections
  - - - yellow or white discharge from penis
      - burning or pain during urination
      - frequent urination
      - swollen testicles
      - cramps
      - nausea
      - fever
      - bleeding between periods, heavier more painful period cycles
  - - - a terrible, persisting itching around area
  - - - discharge from the penis and or burning during urination
      - pain and swelling in testicles
      - low grade fever
    - - no symptoms
      - white or grey vaginal discharge or burning during urination
      - lower pelvic or abdominal pain
      - bleeding between periods
      - low grade fever
  - - - severe pain in lower abdomen
      - nausea
      - fever
      - vaginal discharge
  - - - foul smelling vaginal discharge
      - genital itching
      - painful urination
- - - - process of producing ova or egg cells
      - total supply present at birth
      - ovulation begins at puberty
      - reproductive ability ends at menopause
      - oocytes are matured in developing ovarian follicles
      - mature oocyte are called graafian follicle just before being released
  - - - production of sperm cells
      - begins at puberty and continues through life
      - takes about 64-72 days
      - produces several hundred million sperm each day
      - spermatozoa move to epididymis for further maturation and storage
- - - - mon pubis
        
        fatty pad overly the pubic area covered by hair after puberty
      - labia
        
        skin folds around the vaginal opening
        
        labia majora outer fold
        
        labia minora inner fold
      - vestibule
        
        enclosed by labia majora
        
        contains the opening to the urethra and greater vestibular gland or bartholin's gland
      - clitoris
        
        contains erectile tissue
        
        corresponds to the male penis
    - - delivery of female gamete
      - uterine (fallopian) tube
        
        receive the ovulated oocyte
        
        provide a site for fertilization
        
        fertilization occurs in the uterine tube
        
        attached medially to the uterus
        
        infundibulum
        
        open end is funnel shaped, not directly connected to ovary
        
        fimbriae
        
        finger like projections at the distal end that draws the ovum into the uterine tube
        
        cilia
        
        slowly move the oocyte down towards the uterus
      - uterus
        
        located between the urinary bladder and rectum
        
        hollow organ
        
        receives fertilized egg, retains fertilized egg, nourishes fertilized egg
        
        broad ligament attaches it to pelvis
        
        round ligament anchors it interiorly
        
        uterosacral anchors it posteriorly
        
        myometrium
        
        middle layer of smooth muscle
        
        endometrium
        
        inner layer
        
        allows for implantation of a fertilized egg
        
        sheds if no pregnancy occurs during menses
        
        perimetrium outer visceral peritoneum (covering of abdominal organs)
        
        body-main portion
        
        fundus- area where uterine tube enters
        
        cervix- narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina or opening into the uterus
      - vagina
        
        extends from cervix to exterior of body
        
        behind bladder and in front of rectum
        
        serves as birth canal
        
        receives the penis during sexual intercourse
        
        hymen partially closes the vagina until it's ruptured
    - - female gonad, paired, almond shaped, on either side of the uterus
      - fibrous capsule is called the tunica albuginea
      - outer cortex houses developing female gamete, oocyte, within follicles
      - inner medulla contains loose connective tissue with large blood vessels and nerves
      - suspensory ligaments
        
        secure ovary to lateral walls of pelvis
      - ovarian ligaments
        
        attach to uterus
      - broad ligament
        
        encloses suspensory ligament
    - - found in both sexes but ceases to develop in males
      - modified sweat glands
      - responsible for milk production after birth by the hormone prolactin
      - milk exits through the nipple
      - areola is the colored portion surrounding the nipple
  - - - root
        
        attached to body wall
      - shaft
        
        free, movable portion of penis
        
        contains three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue
        
        body
      - glans penis
        
        contains urethral opening
        
        enlarged tip
      - prepuce
        
        foreskin
        
        fold cuff of skin around proximal end
        
        often removed in circumcision
      - corpora cavernosa surrounds blood vessel which contain most of the blood during erection
      - corpora spongiosum surrounds the urethra
      - tubular organ through which distal portion of urethra passes
      - conducts urine to exterior
      - delivers semen into female reproductive tract
    - - divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that holds the testes
      - maintains the testes at 3 degrees celsius lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability
      - regulates temperature of testes
    - - also called cowpers gland
      - located at the base of the penis below the prostate
      - secrete an alkaline mucus in response to sexual stimulation and lubricates the penis for penetration just before ejaculation
      - pre-ejaculate cleanses and neutralizes the traces of acidic urine
      - makes up 5% of semen
    - - secretes a milky fluid that helps activate sperm
      - encircles the upper part of the urethra
      - shape of chestnut and makes up 25% of semen
    - - produces a thick alkaline yellowish secretion
      - located at the base of the urinary bladder
      - contains fructose, vitamin c, and other substances that nourish and activate the sperm
    - - milky white, sticky mixture of secretions from many glands
      - typical ejaculation releases 2-5 mL
      - 20-100 million spermatozoa/mL
      - alkalinity 7.2-7.6
    - - extends from the base of urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
      - carries both sperm and urine
      - sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct
    - - carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
      - passes through the inguinal canal and over the urinary bladder
      - moves sperm by peristalsis
      - spermatic cord made up of ductus deferns, blood vessels, and nerves surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
      - ends in the ejaculatory duct which unites with urethra
      - cut during vasectomy to prevent transportation of sperm
    - - comma shaped tightly coiled tube
      - found on the superior part of the testis and posterior lateral side
      - functions to mature and store sperm cells
      - expels sperm with the contraction of muscles of the epididymis to the vas deferens
    - - head
        
        contains nucleus with DNA inside
      - acrosome
        
        anterior portion of head contains enzymes needed for penetrating the female egg
      - midpiece
        
        contains mitochondria that provides energy for journey through female reproductive system
      - flagella
        
        only human cell with a tail
- - - - released by anterior pituitary gland
      - spike of hormone will trigger ovulation of the most mature follicle (only one)
    - - released by corpus luteum
      - decrease release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
    - - released by anterior pituitary gland
      - stimulates the development and maturation of primary follicle into secondary follicle
    - - primary female sex hormone released by follicle
      - low levels causes release of FSH
      - high levels causes release of LH and GnRH
      - thickening of uterine wall
      - causes secondary sex characteristics: breast development, skeletal muscle growth, bone thickening, widening of hips, appearance of bodily hair, increase in fat beneath skin, onset on menses
      - released by corpus luteum
    - - released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
    - - triggers suppression of the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH
      - stimulates the development and growth of the lining of the uterine wall to get ready for implantation
      - released by corpus luteum
  - - - released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
      - triggered by low levels of testosterone
      - controlled by negative feedback
    - - stimulates reproductive organ development and sex drive
      - causes secondary sex characteristics: deepening of voice, increased hair growth, enlargement of skeletal muscles, thickening of bones
    - - at puberty stimulates sertoli cells for sperm production and maturation
      - released by anterior pituitary gland
    - - released by the testes when high levels of testosterone are present to stimulate hypothalamus to release gonadotropin inhibiting hormone to stop production of LH and FSH
    - - stimulates seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone
      - released by anterior pituitary gland
- - - - day 14
      - triggered by sudden spike increase in LH caused by steady increase in estrogen stimulating the pituitary gland
      - graafian follicle releases the oocyte
      - slight rise in progesterone just before ovulation causes basal body temperature to rise about 0.4-0.6 degrees
    - - day 15-28
      - when follicle expels the oocyte, the empty shells become corpus luteum
      - corpus luteum secretes progesterone,some estrogen, and inhibin which suppresses FSH
      - in the absence of pregnancy, corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans causing the decrease in progesterone and estrogen
      - if pregnancy occurs the corpus luteum continues to secrete estrogen and progesterone
    - - day 1-14
      - extends from the beginning of menstruation until ovulation
      - FSH causes follicular cells to develop into primary follicle
      - follicular cells secrete estrogen to become secondary follicle
      - only one follicle becomes graafian follicle
  - - - day 6-14
      - estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of the endometrium causing it to double in thickness
      - thickening of endometrium allows ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation
    - - day 15-28
      - in response to rising levels of progesterone by the corpus luteum the uterus becomes ready for pregnancy
      - uterine glands enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs
      - if pregnancy does not occur, towards the end of the phase, LH levels drop due to high levels of progesterone
      - progesterone levels drop following decline in LH leading into menstrual phase
    - - decline of estrogen and progesterone cause the spiral arteries to constrict, cells become ischemic and die, and are sloughed off or shed
      - bleeding for 3-5 days
      - day 1-5