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CNS (Spinal Cord (Posterior/dorsal root (Unipolar structure, Posterior…

- - - - connect to upper & lower extremities, innervation of limbs requires more axons
- - - - Superior- Leads upwards to midbrain, messages to/from cerebrum
      - Middle- pons to cerebellum- messages to/from cerebrum
      - Inferior- primarily signals about proprioception to cerebellum from PNS
  - - - Pyramidal Tracts- motor tracts that run through entire brainstem, from precentral gyrus->brainstem->spinal cord, cell bodies are pyramid shaped
      - Reticular formation nuclei- grey matter within pons controlling autonomic behavior (visceral motor), works closely with hypothalamus
    - - Lowest part of brain stem
      - Includes pyramids, decussation of pyramids
    - - cerebral peduncles
        
        connection (tract(s)) of midbrain to cerebral cortex, motor signals from cerebrum to midbrain continues on through spinal cord
      - Corpora Quadrigemina
        
        Superior colliculi
        
        Two superior structures of corp. quad.
        
        visual reflexes- subconscious tracking & following
        
        Inferior colliculi
        
        Two inferior structures of corp. quad.
        
        Auditory reflexes
      - contains nucleus involved with "fight or flight" response
  - - - involved with emotion & memory
      - does all this with assistance of other parts of brain
      - control/regulation- autonomic nervous system, body temp regulation, hunger & thirst reg, sleep/wake cycles, endocrine system, motivational behavior for food & sex. Keeping us alive & reproducing
    - - Surrounds the thalamus
      - pineal gland- produces the hormone melatonin: responsible for preparing us for sleep
    - - composed of several nuclei
      - relay station for all conscious sensory signals traveling to cerebral cortex, exception: olfaction (processed locally in temporal lobe)
      - "inner room"
      - can amplify or dampen a signal (e.g. tune out distractions at a coffee shop)
  - - - Occipital
        
        Visual Cortex
      - Parietal
        
        process sensory stimuli
        
        Wernicke's area- recognizes speech
        
        postcentral gyrus
        
        primary somatosenory cortex- general senses, skin, proprioceptors
      - Insula
        
        gustatory cortex- taste
        
        general visceral sensations are processed here
        
        deep within lateral sulcus
      - Frontal
        
        precentral gyrus
        
        primary motor cortex
        
        prefrontal cortex- planning, decision making, memory, task management, problem solving
        
        initiates voluntary movement (mainly precentral gyrus)
        
        Broca's area- speech production, left side of brain
      - Temporal
        
        auditory & olfactory cortex
        
        recognition of objects, written words, faces, emotional response (limbic system), memory
    - - Commissural- connects one hemisphere to the other, corpus callosum= largest of these tracts
      - Projection- from cerebral cortex to thalamus & brain stem->spinal cord, runs more vertically than others, longest tracts, both ascending (sensory) & descending (motor) tracts
      - Association- connects parts of same hemisphere