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ATTACHMENT (1) attachment (Introduction baby (Attachment Figures (Schaffer…

- - - - Strength - it involves well-controlled procedures - observational research captures fine detail due to mother & baby often being filmed from multiple angles
      - Limitation - observations don't tell us purpose of reciprocity & *interactional synchrony
      - Limitation - Hard to know what is happening when observing infants - hand movements & facial expressions - don't know if conscious & deliberate or have special meaning
    - - Important for the development of attachment:
        High synchrony = higher quality attachment
        (Isabella et al 1989 observed 30 mums & babies together to ascertain degree of synchrony with quality of attachment)
      - = Mirroring (actions & emotions) - (“The temporal coordination of micro-level social behaviour” - Feldman)
      - Synchrony observed from 2 weeks old - Metlzoff & Moore (1977) - adult gave 1 of 3 expressions or 1 of 3 gestures & baby's response filmed)
    - - Dance-like mother-infant interaction (Brazleton et al. 1975)
      - Babies have alert phases - mothers pick up on it & respond 2/3 of time (Feldman & Eidelman 2007)
      - From 3 months increasingly frequent noticing each others verbal signals & facial expressions (Feldman 2007)
      - Baby is active (not passive, takes turns with mother to initiate interactions)
  - - - Within a few weeks or months after this formed secondary attachments, including father
      - Babies mainly form primary attachments with mothers first around 7 months
      - 75% form secondary attachments with fathers by 18 months
    - - Idea that fathers have distinct roles undermined by evidence e.g.. secondary = play/stimulation
      - Although fathers can be primary attachment, question of why don't remains unanswered e.g.. traditional gender roles
      - Research into role of fathers confusing because researchers ask different questions e.g.. primary or secondary attachment
- - - - 50% specific attachments at 25-32 weeks - showed separation anxiety usually towards mother
      - Primary attachment figure most sensitive to infant signals & facial expressions
    - - Good external validity - families" homes & most observations done by parents
      - Strength - longitudinal
      - Limitation - may be problem with how multiple attachment is assessed - distress when adult leaves room may not mean they are a true attachment figure
    - - 60 Scottish babies, visited by researchers every month
      - Measured separation anxiety & stranger anxiety
- - - - Critical period of a few hours for imprinting
      - Sexual imprinting also occurs - birds that had imprinted on human would display courtship behaviour towards humans
      - Incubator group followed Lorenz, mother group followed her
    - - Strength - research support for concept of imprinting Guiton (1966) found chicks imprinted on yellow washing up gloves would try to mate with them as adults
      - Limitation - some of Lorenz's findings questioned - effects not as permanent as Lorenz thought as Guiton (1966) found chickens imprinted on yellow washing up gloves later learned to prefer mating with other chickens
      - Limitation - problem generalising findings on birds to humans - mammals show more emotional attachment & can form attachments at any time
    - - Divided clutch of goose eggs - 50% hatched with mother, 50% incubator where first moving object was Lorenz
      - Observed later courtship behaviour to investigate relationship between imprinting & adult male preferences
      - When Lorenz a child a newly hatched duckling followed him around - gave him idea as adult to provide evidence for innate imprinting
  - - - Critical period for normal development - mother figure within 90 days
      - Maternal deprivation had a permanent effect - more aggressive, less sociable, less skilled in mating, sometimes neglected & killed own offspring
      - Monkeys preferred contact comfort to food
    - - Strength - important practical applications e.g.. social workers understanding risk factors in child neglect & abuse, zoo monkeys needing attachment figures
      - Limitation - ethics of his research as monkeys suffered but importance of the research justified the effects
      - Limitation - may be problem generalising findings on monkeys to humans
    - - 2 wire monkey mothers (comfort vs milk)
      - Frightening situations were also tested
      - Observed effects of maternal deprivation
- - - - Mother is NS (neutral stimulus) but when associated with food becomes a CS producing a CR
      - Operant conditioning: Crying is +vely reinforced for baby if caregiver responds by feeding
      - Classical conditioning: food (UCS - unconditioned stimulus) -> pleasure (UCR - unconditioned response)
      - Responding to crying is -vely reinforced for caregiver as baby stops crying
      - Importance of food - children learn to love food giver - NO INNATE attachment system
      - Hunger is primary drive, attachment is secondary
    - - Limitation - human studies show feeding not important factor eg. Schaffer & Emerson - primary attachment to biological mother even when other carers did most of feeding
      - Limitation - ignores other factors associated with forming attachments e.g.. reciprocal & interactional synchrony
      - Limitation - Range of animal studies have evidence against food as basis of attachment eg. Lorenz's geese & Harlow's monkeys
  - - - The more time spent with mother-figure, the better - continuity affects quality of attachment, effects of separation add up
      - Babies are born with innate "cute" behaviours - SOCIAL RELEASERS - make adult feel love by smile, coo & grip
      - Bowlby's MONOTROPIC theory - emphasis on primary attachment figure
      - Critical period around 2 years - sensitive to attachment upto 2
      - Attachment is INNATE evolutionary system like imprinting - looked at Lorenz & Harlow for ideas, attachment gives survival advantage
      - First attachment forms INTERNAL WORKING MODEL of relationships
    - - Strength - clear evidence of existence & value of social releasers
      - Strength - support for internal working model
      - Mixed evidence for monotropy - Schaffer & Emerson found babies attach to one person at first but a minority formed multiple attachments