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Preaching and Preparing for the 3rd Crusade (The preparations of King…
Preaching and Preparing for the 3rd Crusade
The motives of Pope Gregory VIII
Fall of Jerusalem
caused death of Pope Urban III
Pope Gregory issued papal bull:
Audita tremendi
similar to previous papal bulls
emphasises loss of Jerusalem and horrors committed by Muslims
used biblical allegory to strengthen spirit
made listeners question their after life
offered remission of sins
Gregory's pontificate
died within 2 months in 1187
mended relationship between Genoa and Pisa
both states important to crusader states
Genoese brought supplies to help at siege of Jerusalem + helped Baldwin I gain more territory
could be used to bring troops and supplies to the 3rd crusade
both very important traders
put church back on good terms with Holy Roman Empire
meant that Frederick Barbarossa took the cross immediately
FB was a very powerful leader
Pope Clement II succeeded Gregory
instrumental in persuading Henry II of England and Philip II of France to take the cross
The siege of Acre
1187: Conrad de Montferrat arrived at port of Tyre
happened between battle of Hattin and fall of Jerusalem
William of Montferrat's younger brother
family's involvement in levantine politics probably reason Conrad came
his arrival boosted morale and offered leadership
exodus from Jerusalem = population increased
Conrad asserted his leadership over Tyre
Tyre held out against Saladin's attacks and became objective for crusaders to reach
May 1188: Saladin released Guy
on condition that Guy would leave his kingdom and go overseas
Guy went to island of Ruad, 2 miles from Tortosa (where he had been released)
Gut was not allowed into Tyre by Conrad
Guy gathered troops and set off for Acre
Guy's reasons for going to Acre
needed to build prestige after losing Jerusalem
capture of best port on coast could reestablish his position
What happened at Acre
Siege lasted between August 1189 and July 1191
cost both sides around 2500 men
victory for Franks = blow to Saladin's prestige
he was no longer seen as invincible
victory would not have been possible without help of Richard and Philip when they arrived
the Preparations of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa
Frederick's reconciliations
Archbishop of Cologne, Philip Von Heinsberg
reason for tension
one of FB's most powerful nobles
had expanded his territory during 1170s to FB's alarm
did ally w/ FB on italian expeditions but by mid 1180s relationship turned sour
Philip sided w/ Urban against Frederick
Reconciliation
reconciled at Council of Mainz
Philip helped FB's son Henry to control Henry the Lion whilst FB on crusade
Philip gave 2000 marks to the crusade
Henry the Lion of the Welf family
reason for dispute
stripped of his titles, deprived of land and placed in exile
attempt at reconciliation
Frederick said he could have some of his land back in return for
relinquishment of rest of land
participation in crusade
Henry refused and chose 3 year exile instead
clearly didn't adhere to it because FB's son and Philip had to launch expedition against him
Frederick's diplomacy
Agreement with Byzantium: Isaac
FB sent envoys to arrange supplies and routes
nothing achieved
Isaac had agreement w/ Saladin to hinder FB's progress
Isaac worried FB would pursue land in Balklan's (already unstable part of Byzantium)
feared FB would attack constantinople
worries were understandable because animosity towards westerners in Byzantium at that time
Frederick had to fight and threaten through Byzantium to get to Anatolia
sent envoys to Anatolian Sultan Kilij Arslan II
asked for safe passage through Asia Minor
didn't work because had to fight through Anatolia
may have been because of KA's diminishing power or failed diplomacy
Diplomacy shows he was only set on taking Jerusalem
Frederick's finances
had income from his land
said participants should be prepared for 2 year expedition
rank file to have 3 marks
knights to have 1 mark
archbishop of Cologne (Philip) contributed as well
Who was he?
Europe's most powerful ruler
had accompanied his uncle, Conrad III on 2nd crusade
distinguished himself on the battlefield
1152: conrad died
Frederick nominated over Conrad's infant son
Frederick was from two powerful families in Germany = good pedigree
his reign
subjugated italians under Germany
gained reputation in battle and politics
strained relationship with pope
pope Urban III refused to crown his son, Henry as co-ruler
Frederick decided to have the patriarch of Aquileia do it instead
risked excommunication
Urban's death saved him from excommunication
1188: took cross at Council of Mainz
always wanted to go back to east but couldn't
strained relationship with papacy
lack of germans in Outremer
had enough stuff to do in his Empire
situation now meant that he could
better relationship with Pope Gregory
had Italian supporters involved with events in the East
Montferrats: Conrad defending Tyre and William in captivity
put in place measures to protect Jews in HRE
papal bull released to protect them after horrors during 1st crusade
may have wanted to borrow money from them
The preparations of King Philip of France and King Richard of England
Finances
Saladin Tithe
richard
collected the tax ruthlessly
went further and selling everything he had e.g. offices, lordships, castles etc.
10% tax on income and movable property on non participants
Philip
couldn't collect the tithe
Richard was the wealthier of the two kings on the crusade
agreed to sail to the Holy Land
could carry money
could leave non-combatants behind
only non combatants allowed were washerwoman
saved money
religious motives of the two
agreed to split gains made 50-50
crusading was very costly
did expect to gain compensation or even profit from the crusade
reconciliations
Between Richard and Philip
before Henry's death
had similar aims of limiting power of Henry and taking his land
after his death there was no buffer between the two
Richard's betrothal to Philip's sister, Alice
1169: Henry agreed to betrothal and took Alice into his care
marriage didn't happen
Henry may have had a child with Alice
Richard may have wanted to choose his own wife
wanted to make his own alliances
married Berengaria of Navarre
b/c her father could support Richard in the south of his lands against Raymond V of Toulouse whilst on crusade
1189: richard agreed to marriage to pacify Philip
diplomacy
Philip
Philip's testament
delegated power to mother Adela and uncle William, the archbishop of Reims
also said that Paris could self-govern
Richard
gave John land in England
seems like a bad idea but was more concerned about souther land around Gascony
appointed men to watch over John + council to make decisions
Married Berengia of Navarre to secure land further
Richard
1187: was the first at Tours
significant because his great-grandfather had taken the cross and then become king of Jerusalem
Henry II and Philip of France angry because he should have asked them first
Why he took the cross
had a very good military reputation
this would be increased by a crusade
remission of sins
Philip and Henry
agreed later
disputes between them
Richard was angry that Henry would not proclaim him as Henry's heir
Favoured younger son, John over him
Final straw was when Henry realised John was siding with Richard
July 1189: Henry died, heart broken, at Chinon
meant that Philip and Richard could make preparations for the crusade