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digestive/ urinary system (GI tract organs (large intestine (Absorbs water…
digestive/ urinary system
GI tract organs
large intestine
Absorbs water and forms feces
Liver
makes bile, breaks down and eliminates toxins, such as nitrogen containing compounds
esophagus
A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
stomach
An organ of the digestive system where most mechanical breaking down of food happens
small intestine
Long hollow tube where most absorption of nutrients occurs
pancreas
An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is to produce digestive enzymes . The second is to secrete insulin into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
gall bladder
An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine
rectum
stores solid waste and compresses into more solid form
appendix
A small, fingerlike extension off the large intestine; it contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.
oral cavity organs
lips
Ingestion and fragmentation of food
tongue
Fragmentation and swallowing
mouth
where digestion begins
salivary gland
secrete saliva
pharynx
throat
teeth
Fragmentation of food
soft palate
Tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth; separates the mouth from the nasopharynx
hard palate
Bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth
digestion
mechanical
crushing, mashing or breaking down food into smaller pieces
chemical
breaking down food with enzymes
function of DS
absorption
elimination
digestion
US organs
Ureter
Carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder
Urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
urinary bladder
saclike organ in which urine is stored before being excreted; secretes urine
Kidney
Filters urea from blood
Nephron
Functional unit of the kidney
pathway through the excretory system
bladder
urethra
ureter
kidney
intesines
large intestine
anus
A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body.
rectum
A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated.
cecum
first section of the large intestine and is connected to the ileum of the small intestine
vermiform appendix
small projection in the cecum
descending colon
colon extends down the left side of the body
transverse colon
extends across the abdomen, below the liver and stomach and above the small intestine
ascending colon
continues up on the right side of the body from the cecum to the lower part of the liver
sigmoid colon
an S-shaped section that joins with the rectum
small intestine
duodenum
The first 9-10 inches of the small intestine. It is involved in both the chemical digestion of food and its absorption into the blood stream.
jejunum
approximately 8 feet in length and forms the middle section of the small intestine
ileum
final 12 feet of the small intestine, and it connects with the large intestine at the cecum
alimentary canal layers
submucosa
second layer of alimentary canal; contains major blood vessels and nerve supply
muscularis layer
two layer of smooth muscles; needed for peristalsis and segementation
mucosa
most superficial layer of the alimentary canal; functions to protect and for production of fluids to reduce friction; non-keritanized squamous epithelium
serosa
deepest layer of the alimentary canal; produces fluid for lubrication
valves/ sphincters
pyloric sphincter
circular muscle between the stomach and small intestine, keeps food in the stomach until the food is ready to enter the small intestine
cardioesophageal sphincter
circular muscle between the esophagus and stomach, closes after food enters the stomach and prevents food from going back up into the esophagus
ileocecal valve
circular muscle between the small and the large intestine; prevents food from cecum enter back into the ileum
kidneys
Renal medulla
Collecting ducts
This is where filtered fluids exit the nephrons
Renal pyramids
small structures that contain strings of nephrons and tubules
Renal pelvis
Hilum
The hilum is a small opening located on the inner edge of the kidney, where it curves inward to create its distinct beanlike shape
Calyces
small cup-shaped spaces that collect fluid before it moves into the bladder
Renal cortex
outer part of the kidney. It contains the glomerulus and convoluted tubules.
renal artery
brings oxygenated blood from the heart to the kidney for filtration.
Renal corpuscle
Bowman capsule
The Bowman capsule. The remaining fluid, called capsular urine, passes through the Bowman capsule into the renal tubules.
the glomerulus
This is a cluster of capillaries that absorb protein from blood traveling through the renal corpuscle.
renal vein
carries filtered blood from the kidneys back to the heart
Renal tubules
Loop of Henle
This section further absorbs potassium, chloride, and sodium into the blood.
Proximal convoluted tubule
This section absorbs water, sodium, and glucose back into the blood.
Distal convoluted tubule
This section absorbs more sodium into the blood and takes in potassium and acid
nephrons
Nephrons are the most important part of each kidney. They take in blood, metabolize nutrients, and help pass out waste products from filtered blood
US disorders
nephrolithiasis
presence of kidney stones
nephritis
kidney inflammation
urinary tract infections
infection in any part of your urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.
kidney failure
When your kidneys fail, it means they have stopped working well enough for you to survive without dialysis or a kidney transplant.
uremia
a raised level in the blood of urea and other nitrogenous waste compounds that are normally eliminated by the kidneys.
chronic kidney disease
gradual loss of kidney function over time
DS disorders
GERD
affects the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach
chrons
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It causes inflammation of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain
jaundice
the skin, whites of the eyes and mucous membranes turn yellow because of a high level of bilirubin
Appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix,
Gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestines, typically resulting from bacterial toxins or viral infection and causing vomiting and diarrhea.
Celiac disease
immune disease in which people can't eat gluten because it will damage their small intestine.