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APUSH: Social Movements (Immigration Movement (1890's-1970's)…

- - - - Violent
        
        Watts Riot
      - Peaceful
        
        Protests
        
        March on Washington
        
        Bloody Sunday
        
        Montgomery Bus Boycott
        
        after Rosa Parks is arrested, MLK rallies the black community to do this. This seriously hurt the bus companies. this lasted more than a year, and ended in '56 when the SC declared segregated buses unconstitutional
        
        Birmingham Campaign
        
        Chicago Freedom Movement (1965-1967)
        
        a campaign that marked the expansion of their civil rights activities from the South to northern cites. it was a coalition of 44 civil rights organizations working to end slums and improve living conditions for blacks in the city
        
        Poor People's Campaign
        
        Albany Movement (1961-62)
        
        a desegregation campaign formed in Albany, Georgia. ... The Albany Movement challenged all forms of racial segregation and discrimination in the city
        
        March on Selma
        
        Greensboro Sit-in
    - - Supreme Court Cases
        
        Brown v. Board of Education
        
        reversed the principle of "separate but equal"; a denial of equal protection of the laws under the 14th amendment; the most important SC decision following WWII; widespread consequences for rights of minority groups
        
        Plessy v. Ferguson
        
        upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal"
      - Laws
        
        Civil RIghts Act of 1964
        
        outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, and racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations
        
        Voting Rights Act of 1965
        
        prohibits racial discrimination in voting
        
        Executive Order 9981 (1948)
        
        desegregated the military. Truman's support for civil rights cost him southern votes in the 1948 election
        
        Civil Rights Act of 1957
        
        established the Civil Rights Section of the Justice Department and empowered federal prosecutors to obtain court injunctions against interference with the right to vote
        
        Equal Opportunity Commission
        
        enforced Civil Rights Act of 1964, and gave the prez more power to prosecute violators
    - - Rosa Parks
        
        Refused to give up her seat. Was arrested for disorderly conduct, sparking the Montgomery bus boycott
      - Martin Luther King Jr.
        
        Rallied the black community and organized the Montgomery bus boycott. Was a civil rights visionary.
      - Malcom X
        
        African-American civil rights leader who encouraged violent responses to racial discrimination
      - Thurgood Marshall
        
        a main NAACP figure. won a lot of Supreme Court cases that bolstered black rights. would go on to become a Supreme Court justice in 1967
    - - Black Panther Party
      - Freedom Riders
        
        civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation
      - Presidents Committee on Civil Rights
        
        pushed for southern anti-lynching laws and tried to register more black voters, but was mostly symbolic and had little real effect
      - Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity
        
        ended racial discrimination in the U.S. government
      - Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
      - Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) (1960)
        
        promoted and used non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement
      - Southern Christian Leaderships Committee (SCLC)
    - - Little Rock Crisis
        
        AK governor, Orval Faubus, defied fed law and used the AK National Guard to keep black students from entering Little Rock Central High School
      - Southern Christian Leadership Conference
        
        MLK and nearly 100 other black ministers form this organization in 1957 to encourage nonviolent protest to provoke segregationists and win support from moderate southern whites. Although it got more blacks to support the movement, it failed to spark controversy or get white sympathy
  - - - Plessy v. Ferguson
        
        racial segregation in private businesses (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal"
      - Jim Crow Laws
        
        limited rights of blacks including iteracy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes
    - - Harlem Renaissance
        
        black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow
        
        People
        
        Duke Ellington
        
        Langston Hughes
        
        Ella Fitzgerald
        
        Countee Cullen
        
        Zora Neale Hurtson
        
        Claude McKay
      - First Great Migration
        
        movement of six million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West. African Americans began to build a new place for themselves in public life, actively confronting racial prejudice as well as economic, political and social challenges to create a black urban culture that would exert enormous influence in the decades to come.
      - Second Great Migration
        
        more than 5 million African Americans from the South to the Northeast, Midwest, and West
      - Race Riots
        
        a pattern of racial violence began to emerge in which white mob assaults were directed against entire black communities. These were the products of white society's desire to maintain its superiority over blacks, vent its frustrations in times of distress, and attack those least able to defend themselves. white mobs invaded black neighborhoods, beat and killed large numbers of blacks and destroyed black property. In most instances, blacks fought back and there were many casualties on both sides, though most of the dead were black
    - - Booker T. Washington
        
        African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.
      - Marcus Garvey
        
        leader of the UNIA, urged blacks to return to Africa because, he reasoned, blacks would never be treated justly in countries ruled by whites
      - W.E.B. Du Bois
        
        1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910
    - - Niagara Movement
        
        civil rights group in which members sent a powerful message to the entire country through their condemnation of racial discrimination and their call for an end to segregation. Led to the creation of NAACP
      - National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
        
        abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional
      - The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
        
        first labor organization led by African Americans to receive a charter in the American Federation of Labor (AFL)
      - Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA)
  - - - Southern Manifesto
        
        a southern document signed by more than a hundred southern politicians. Stated that the states could nullify fed laws that they didn't like and pressured southern states to ignore and reject the Brown decision.
      - Solid South
        
        applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election
      - Segregation
        
        Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences
      - Sharecropper
    - - Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
- - - - 15th Amendment
        
        exclusion of women to vote
      - Comstock Act of 1873
        
        made it illegal to send contraceptives or information about them through mail
      - 19th Amendment
        
        gave women the right to vote
      - Hyde Amendment
        
        bares the use of the federal funds for nearly any abortion
      - Dec
    - - Seneca Falls Convention
    - - Susan B. Anthony
        
        social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist
      - Alice Paul
        
        Leader of NWP
      - Carrie Chapman Catt
        
        president of NAWSA and founder of IWSA
      - Lucretia Mott
        
        Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; organized Seneca Falls Convention
      - Elizabeth Cady Stanton
        
        pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls
      - Margaret Sanger
        
        woman who opened planned parenthood and organized a birth-control movement
      - Betty Freidan
        
        Author of Feminine Mystique
    - - National Americans Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
      - National Women's Party (NWP)
      - International Women’s Suffrage Alliance (IWSA)
      - League of Women Voters
      - Women's Christian Temperance Union
        
        militant female anti-alcohol organization; helped influence the passing of the 18th amendment
    - - Feminine Mystique
        
        book by Betty Friedan that discussed the frustration of many women in the 1950's and 1960's who felt they were restricted to their roles of mother and homemaker
  - - - National Organization for Women
        
        focused on women's rights in the workplace fought against legal and economic discrimination against women and lobbied for the Equal Rights Amendment
      - National Women’s Political Caucus
      - Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
        
        Federal Agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964
    - - Phyllis Schlafly
        
        anti-feminist who led the campaign to defeat the ERA claiming it would undermine the American family
      - Geraldine Ferraro
        
        first female vice president nominee
      - Sandra O’Connor
        
        first woman in Supreme Court
      - Betty Freidan
        
        writer of The Feminine Mystique, cofounded NOW
      - Gloria Steinem
        
        founder and original publisher of Ms. magazine
      - Simone de Beauvoir
        
        French feminist who wrote "The Second Sex" in 1949
    - - Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
        
        passed by Congress--but never ratified--that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender
      - Title IX
        
        ended sexual discrimination in education and financial assistance
      - Civil Rights Act of 1964
        
        nondiscrimination in housing, education, public accommodations, federally assisted programs, and employment; prohibits discrimination based on: race or color, sex or religion
      - Equal Pay Act of 1963
        
        first law prohibiting gender discrimination; requires employers to pay women and men the same wages for the same work
      - Roe v. Wade (1973)
        
        legalized abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy
      - Executive Order 11375
      - Griggs v. Duke Powers Company
        
        qualification tests must fairly measure the knowledge or skills required for a job
    - - The Second Sex
        
        book discussing the history of female inferiority
      - Feminiization of Poverty
        
        trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor, 1970s onward
      - Rosie the Riveter
        
        propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.
- - - - a political movement formed by student activists in the 1960s to promote traditional American ideals such as allowing people to take an active role in government
    - - a student movement that developed in 1964 at University of California Berkeley in protest of a university rule that banned political activities on campus and that eventually persuaded the university to overturn the ban
    - - a shift in attitudes about sex and marriage that occurred as hippies expoused a more permissive outlook on sexual behavior than members of the mainstream did
  - - - young people who took part in counterculture that rebelled against the social expectations of the older generation and that supported free love, peace, and freedom
  - - - a difference in attitudes and behaviors between youth and their parents
    - - a term used by members of the counterculture to describe the people and institutions who, in their view, controlled society
    - - a group-owned living arrangement in which members share responsibilities and decision making
    - - short for "popular art," an art form that focused on everyday objects that came mostly from popular culture
  - - - a three-day music festival that was held at a farm in upstate New York, was attended by 400,000 people and helped popularize a new generation of rock performers w/ the promotion of universal peace, love, and freedom
- - - - national gay magazine that won a Supreme Court case that enabled it to be mailed through postal service
- - - - group of Mexican farmers rallied together and demanded wages equal to the federal minimum wage
  - - - fought to end segregation in schools, specifically in Texas, and
        used the courts to fight to end segregation in schools
    - - an organization founded to address the concerns of Mexican-American Veterans who were denied medical services by the USD of veterans. also addressed voting rights, jury selection, and educational segregation
    - - group that organized Mexican farm workers
    - - political party started by Jose Angel Gutierrez, worked for more voting rights better housing and jobs, and also backed Latino political candidates
    - - an organization founded by Jose Angel Gutierrez. organized demonstrations and walkouts by college students to protest discrimination in schools
    - - organization worked to regain land that had been taken from Mexican Americans—often through fraud or deception—over the years.
    - - inspired by the Black Panthers, created in response to police brutality against Mexican Americans in LA
    - - a group that promoted Mexican American nationalism. operating out of an old Church, the group offered legal aid, a theater for promoting cultural awareness, a newspaper, and other community services.
  - - - non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers. organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. unionized Mexican-American farm workers
    - - Mexican-American union organizer and negotiator. Co-founded United farm workers with Cesar Chavez
    - - a radical who claimed Anglos stole the Chicanos land and heritage; federal aliance of land grants
    - - also known as "Corky,": became one of the leading figures in the Chicano movement. he was interested in issues other than farming and expressed a vision that appealed to a large number of Mexican Americans living in cities. he founded the Crusade for Justice. he composed an epic poem, "I am Joaquin," which served as an anthem for the Movimiento, or "Chicano movement."
    - - he was among a group of students to found the Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO) in San Antonio. with this group, he worked for Mexican American rights
- - - - a new wave of immigrants, from eastern and southern Europe, frightened Americans because of the emigrant's customs, different faiths, illiteracy, and poverty.They were a new group of immigrants coming into the United States that consisted of Italians, Slavs, Greeks, Jews, and Armenians. They came from both Southern and Eastern Europe, and also from the Middle East. In the 1890s, their numbers first began to increase, and the numbers continued to increase for the next three decades. Most of the immigrants came from peasant and poor backgrounds and boosted America's foreign-born population by 18 million. They were often discriminated against.
    - - 1880s and 1890s, thousands of rural African Americans seeking better economic situations moved to cities
  - - - by the early twentieth century, institutionalized racism forced African Americans to live in highly segregated ghettos
    - - immigrants adapted their old world cultures to the realities of life in America
    - - restrict immigration, the law enlarged the group of immigrants that could be excluded from the United States. literacy tests were imposed on all immigrants, and any immigrant who could not pass the tests was not allowed entry into the U.S.
    - - focused on the squalid living conditions of the city's poor and spurred legislation to improve those conditions
    - - race and class divisions, the restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of lower-income people)
  - - - restricted the number of immigrants by their country of origin. only 2% of the number of persons from that
        nation living in the U.S. were allowed to immigrate
    - - restricted the number of immigrants by their country of origin. only 3% of the number of persons from that
        nation living in the U.S., according to the 1910 census, were allowed to immigrate
    - - congress set limit for 150 k immigrants per year from most western and northern Europe, mostly no Asians
  - - - Barrios
        
        in southwestern and western cities Mexicans found themselves confined in barrios, mexican ghettos
    - - economic conditions were worsening in Mexico. by 1914 more than 100,000 Mexicans had migrated to the United States. these new immigrants found mainly in railroad industries and agriculture where jobs were vacated by the war. they filled partly the US need for labor during war
  - - - Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
        
        workers feared their jobs would be taken by the Japanese immigrants and they wanted a law preventing any more immigrants to move to the United States. In 1907 Japan proposed the Gentlemen's Agreement which promised that they would halt the unrestricted immigration if President Roosevelt promised to discourage any laws being made that would restrict Japanese immigration to the US
      - Chinese Exclusion Law of 1882
        
        immigrants had to be examined, and all convicts, polygamists, prostitutes, anarchists, persons suffering from loathsome or contagious diseases, and persons liable to become public disturbances and problems were all excluded form the U.S.
  - - - A journalist, photographer, and reformer, he publicized the plight of immigrants in New York City slum tenements and is the author of How the Other Half Lives
- - - - Griggs v. Duke Power Company
        
        qualification tests must fairly measure the knowledge or skills required for a job
  - - - Uprising of 20,000
        
        major labor action where thousands of young women walked out of their jobs in New York. Demanded higher wages and better conditions. Demands for unlocked doors and fire escapes unmet but did set the stage for more labor actions
      - Railroad Strike of 1877
        
        government did nothing while railroad companies slashed wages thus riots broke out fighting against police and militia. About 100 people dead and millions of dollar worth of damage dealt. Boosted union membership and set the stage for more strikes
      - Haymarket Affair (1886)
      - Homestead Act (1892)
      - Pullman Strike (1894)
    - - Rose Schneiderman
        
        factory worker who was a prominent labor union leader. Leader of the New York City branch of the Women's Trade Union League, a national labor organization. Helped organize the "Uprising of 20,000"
      - Jane Addams
        
        a social reformer, first woman rewarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and founder of social profession in the U.S. Wrote "Twenty Years at Hull-House"
      - Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
        
        a labor activist, formal schoolteacher and dressmaker. Organized the Knights of Labor and United Mine Workers. Also organized the Children's March from Philadelphia to Roosevelt's home
      - Samuel Gompers
        
        English-born American cigar maker who formed AFL
      - Terrence Powderly
        
        Lead knights of Labor. Irish-American plitician, lawyer, and mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania
      - William "Big Bill" Haywood
        
        founder and leader of IWW and member of Socialist Party. Accused of murdering Frank Steunenburg and imprisoned for violating the Espionage Act of 1917. Fled to Russia
      - Eugene Debs
        
        one of the founders of IWW and 5 time candidate of the Socialist Party presidential elections. Founded ARU and imprisoned for defying court injunctions and again for talking shit of WWI and again for defying Espionage Act. He was also insane
    - - American Federation of Labor (AFL) (1886)
        
        AFL, federation founded in Columbus Ohio that appealed to only skilled workers and craft unions.
      - Knights of Labor (1869)
        
        labor organization that accepted both skilled and unskilled, women and blacks. Declined because of competition with AFL
      - Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) (1905)
        
        labor organization introducing more radical ideas and adopting socialist theories. Goals were to eliminate property and fair treatment of workers.
        
        Wobblies
        
        nicknames for members of IWW
      - Mill Girls
  - - - Group consisting of people who are employed for wages
    - - small factories where employees worked long hours under poor conditions for low wages
    - - production was divided into separate tasks, with one task assigned to each worker
    - - children under empolyment
    - - run-down apartment buildings of 4-6 stories in the slums
- - - - first environmental law passed that prohibited "dumping of refuse" into navigable waters, except by permit.
    - - established procedures for registering pesticides with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and established labeling provisions. FIFRA underwent major revision in 1972
    - - ordering federal agencies to abolish and prevent policies that lead to a disproportionate distribution of environmental hazards to communities of color or low income
    - - made it a crime to ship illegal game across state lines
    - - regulated the handling of tribal funds, these acts served as the foundations of conservation law enforcement
  - - - protects wildlife and habitats in forests; created by TDR
  - - - documented the environmental damage done by pesticides, heightened public awareness at the start of the modern environmental movement
    - - described how humans are ethically responsible for serving as the protectors of nature
  - - - marine biologist and conservationist, published the book "Silent Spring"
    - - naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state, he was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California
    - - author, scientist, ecologist, forester, conservationist, and environmentalist, wrote "A Sand County Almanac"
    - - head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them
    - - created the Lacey Acts