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iGCSE Geography Case Studies (Economic Development (Environmental Risks…
iGCSE Geography Case Studies
Population & Settlement
Population
Overpopulation in Bangladesh
1,333 people per km²
Lower death rates (3
0% die, 70% are born in 24h
)
50% of people
don't use contraceptives due to religious reasons
Life Expectancy 72 years
Under population in Australia
53x Bigger
than Bangladesh but has a lower population
It has a high GDP of
1.2 trillion dollars
Only
10% of land
is sustainable to live on (size of Zambia)
It is far away from large western countries (1
5,000km from Europe and America)
3 people per km
² (world avergae is
56
)
Strict Refusal of Migrants
Gambia Youthful Population
1 in 3, 14 year olds have to work to support their family
Average of 5 children per women
Low life expectancy (women 56)(men 53)
Contraceptives are taboo
Gambia High Dependent Population
Average of 5 children per women
11/1000 mothers will die in child birth
Low Life Expectancy (40-50)
1 in 3, 14 years olds have to work to support the family
One / Two Child Policy
Population doubled from
550 million to 1.13 billion between 1949 and 1990
Introduced in
1979
After policy fertility rate fell to
1.5 - 1.7
Prevented
400 million
births
Offered cash bonuses, better housing etc..
24 million men
without partners in
2030
6 million women
being prostitutes
Botswana HIV & AIDS
23% of people 15-49 have AIDS
Life expectancy of 66 years
380,000 people have AIDS
In 2000 a 15 year old had a 50% chance of dying from an AIDS related illness
Mexico to USA (International Migration)
Fertility Rate
Mexico 2.21
USA 1.84
Life Expectancy (better in USA)
Mexico 77
USA 79
GDP PPP (better is USA)
USA 57,000
Mexico 8,000
Literacy Rate (Mexico Better)
Mexico 94%
USA 86
Murder Rate
Mexico 16%
USA 5%
Unemployment
Mexixo 3.9%
USA 4.1%
Mexico 2nd Largest income is from
remittances
(money entering the country form citizens in other countries (particularly the USA)) estimated at
32 billion dollars
Rio (Internal Migration)
Rocinha Favela
3/4 of the population have electricity
608 favelas covering 30km²
37,000 people per km²
Low Rate of Population Growth in France
42 million in 1960, now 67 million
32% of the population is over 60
Settlement
Urbanization of Rio
Barra de Tijuca
In 2016, the Olympic Stadium was built near transforming the area full of pricey hotels etc..
20km of beach further outside the city that was swamp and transformed to accommodate rich people and the CBD became too crowded
3/4 of the accommodation there is high rise apartments
Improving Urban Areas in Rio
Barra de Tijuca
3/4 of the accommodation there is high rise apartments
20km of beach further outside the city that was swamp and transformed to accommodate rich people and the CBD became too crowded
In 2016, the Olympic Stadium was built near transforming the area full of pricey hotels etc..
Use of land in Toulouse
Blagnac and Beauzelle is the Industrial District
Airbus Factories
Airport
Mirail, Arenes, Patte D'Oie - Working / Student Housing
Balma / Minimes - Middle Class Housing
Pibrac / Seilh / Plaisance de Touch - High Class Housing
CBD - Allée Jean Jaures, Capitol, Place Wilson, Esquirol
Toulouse Congestion
Airbus Staggers Work Hours on Tuesday and Thursdays
Park and Ride bus along N124
Tisséo
Bus
Has 7 lines of hybrid buses that come every 8 minutes 24h
Expand to 10 lines by 2020
Metro
Metros come every 2 minutes
2 lines
Carries 220,000 people per year
Toulouse Aerospace Express
2.33 billion euros
spans 27km
Tram
Lines T1 and T2 connect the airport, industrial and residential district to the CBD
Runs long hours
Cable Car
Spans the southern district where there is steeper relief
Ends at oncopole
It takes 30mins in car but takes 10min on the new cable car
Comes every 2 mins
Opens 2020
Toulouse Settlement Hierarchy and Service Provision
Isolated Dwelling
Laborde
Population : 4
Dispersed Settlement
Hilly Relief, agricultural space, bad accessibility
Hamlet
Espaon
Population : 185
Dispersed Settlement
Hilly Relief, bad accessibility
Village
Lombez
Population : 1800
Linear Settlement
flat Relief, agricultural space, good accessibility, access to water
Small Town
Levignac
Population : 2600
Linear Settlement
flat Relief, agricultural space, good accessibility, access to water
Large Town
Pibrac
Population : 8000
Nucleated Settlement
surrounded by bought agricultural land that is not used for construction, Contains retail and commerce
City
Old Toulouse
Population : 860,000
Nucleated Settlement
Good accessibility, bridging point, flat relief, good climate, trading, supply of water and resources
Conurbation
Toulouse Metropole
Population : 1,300,000
Nucleated Settlement
Good accessibility, flat relief, rapidly evolving retail and commerce, good climate
Natural Environment
Plate Tectonics
Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (
2011
)
Magnitude of 9.1
Friday 11 March 2011
Caused 360 billion USD of damage
Moved the whole island about 2.4 metres eastward
Primary Effect - Earthquake
Secondary Effect - Tsunami
Tertiary - stopped cooling to the 3 nuclear reactor and had an explosion (Fukishima)
Nevado Del Ruiz (
1985
)
In Columbia, November 13 1985
Caused BY the destructive plate movement between the Nazca and South-American Plate
Melted 10% of all ice on the mountain range and created Lahar (water and ash)
Lahar killed 21,000 people, at 21 mph, during the night
Region lost 65% of livestock and 30% of grain / rice crops
Rivers
Garonne
Lower course
Estury is very flat
7km across
Water is very cloudy because it carries lots of sediment in suspension
High velocity
Upper Course
Rainfall is low
Abrasion of the Garonne causes lateral and vertical erosion causing avalanches and forming V shaped valleys
Pyrénees and global warming mean snow melting adds lots of water to the river which changes the gradient of the river
Barèges
La Bastan River (Bastan Valley)
Lots of Tributaries (high current)
Up to 18m of snow in Winter 2012-2013
25km from the Spanish Border (French Pyrenees)
Ski Resort
Low Interception Rates
Sudden Increase in temperature in June
Weather & Climate
Hurricane Matthew in USA
2016
Hit after Haiti
147 shelter for 23,000 people
Florida put in "state of emergency"
Killed 30
Left 600,000 without electricity
15,000 worker deployed to fix power cuts
Hurricane Matthew in Haiti
2016
Was a category 5 hurricane between hit in October
GDP PPP
less than 2,000 (1,710)
Did not issue major evacuations
Killed 546
80% of buildings in the Capital, Jeremie, were destroyed
Food Crisis and Cholera Epidemic
Tropical Rainforests & Deserts
Deforestation of the Amazon
Deforestation rose by 28% from 2013 to 2012
In 2018, 5,843km² land was destroyed
Used for logging of space for agriculture
"Follow the Frog" product do not contain anything that harms the rainforest
In 2015 global brands connected to "Follow the Frog" grew 4% instead the average 1%
The Sahel
Caused by tropical storms such as the west African Monsoon
900 million people affected by its desertification
1/3 of the children cannot grow properly because food cannot be grown due to arid conditions
19 million people are at risk of food shortages
In 2012, crop production was reduced by 26% due to droughts
Green Wall, 7000km long, 15km protects the desert from spreading
Plants with the green wall are healthy and can sell; promotes bio diversity and fights against poverty
Economic Development
Development
Airbus (transnational company)
Based in Toulouse
Conglomoration (the industry works close together to reduce costs and increase the amount offered to potential customers)
Existing Companies (Astrium, British Aerospace, Rolls Royce are nearby)
Attractive place to live, coast in 90km away, Pyrenees etc...
Transportation - A62, A64, A66 run near facilities, it has its own international airport (Blagnac) and has access to the runways
Has universities, R&D facilities focused around the industry
Well connected in the Airbus network through roads and beluga aircraft
55,000 employees
Works in 4 European Countries: Spain, Germany, France and United Kingdom
64 billion USD revenue in 2018
Food Production
Fair Oaks Farm
North East Indiana, USA
Human Inputs
Labour
Industry & Tourism
Promotes itself to show people how mass farming is really done
Large Demand
Machinery and Agricultural Technology
Physical Inputs
Flat Relief
Fertile Soil
Seasonal Changes
Precipitation
Processes
Breeding
Transportation
Slaughtering
Harvesting
Outputs
Pollution
Destruction of Ecosystems
Meat
Wool
Profit
Milk
Rice in India Subsistence Farming
Green Revolution
High yielding seeds produce an average yield of 5 tonnes instead of 1.5 tonnes
Takes 4 months instead of 5
Greater resistance to rain and wind
Loans allow farmers access to seeds and equipment
Irrigation schemes were built to ensure good water supplies
Positive : those who could afford saw an High Yield Variety increase of 3%
Negative : Most couldn't afford the seeds and didn't see a change in crop yield, many debts couldn't be paid back
Depends of the flooding of the River Ganges, if it is a bad flood it will destroy the whole crop
Depends of the monsoon, if rainfall is slower the climate becomes too arid and crops cannot grow
Yemen Food Shortages
7+ million in need of aid
462,000 children severely malnourished
70% in the capital are Hungry
Country of conflict (Forgotten War, 4 year long)
Cholera Epidemic
Imports 90% of food, medicine and fuel. Blocked by Naval Blockade
3 million forced to flee homes
Industry
A380 Multi National Production
Broughton (Wings)
Hamburg (Fuselage, cabin installation & paint)
Stade, Germany (Tailfin)
Puerto Real, Spain (Rudder)
Saint Nazaire (Nose)
Méaulte, France (fuselage sub assembly)
Getafe, Spain (Horizontal Tailplane)
Toulouse (final assembly)
Wings are carried from Broughton to Mostyn where they are taken to Saint Nazaire
Garonne becomes too narrow at Langon so they then go on Road
Tourism
Bali Tourism
One of the Indonesian Islands. East of East Jakarta
In 1970 the population has doubled from 2 to 4 million
The number of tourists has gone from 120,000 (1970) to 2 million.
The average tourist has 3x the amount of waste of a Balinese
The waste destroys environmentally sensitive mangroves to swamps
Sky rise hotels, clubs and visual polluting infrastructure in Denpasar
Contrast in Ubud (rural community) use religious farming techniques called Subic Irrigation keeping the environment safe whilst farming.
Energy
Ratcliffe on Soar, UK (Thermal)
Commissioned in 1968
Produces 2,000 mWh for 2 million people
Uses coal
Near the river Trent for cooling
Next to the M1 for transport of raw materials
Close to Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire coal mines (now closed)
Near Derby, Leicester and Nottingham but not in the centre (NIMBY)
Built on flat relief (floodplain)
Golfech, France (Nuclear)
21 nuclear power plants in Frace
2 along the Garonne river
Germany decommission all nuclear power stations by 2030
Local demand from Toulouse Agen and Montauban
Demand by the Aviation Industry
Close to small settlements (golfech)
Gets water supply from Garonne (river water)
flat relief
Three Gorges Dam, China (Hydro)
Produces 84.7 billion kWh of electricity
decreased CO² emissions by 100 million tonnes
Largest concrete structure ever
1.2 million people forced out of their homes
150,000 acres of land was flooded
Water
Tanzania Water Management
2/3 of population doesn't have access to safe water
Tanzania gets water from 3 major lakes
Environmental Risks of Economic Activity
Pearl Delta, China
In 2007, 80% of all rain was acid rain
China pledged to remove 15% of the chemical water pollution by 2010 and put in place chemical controls which were nonexistent before
In the area 30 million people are employed (near workforce of France)
In 2017, it was named the "Airpocalipse" because of build up of soots created by factories
Government covers up the pollution by publishing fake weather statistics
Shenzhen produces 70% of all photocopiers and 80% of all artificial Xmas trees
Government imposing stricter rules of pollution for factories, vehicle emissions and higher sewage treatment requirmenets
Reduce (France)
Supermarkets no longer can throw away (give it charity)
French food banks receive 35,000 tonnes of food from supermarkets
France throws away 7.1 million tonnes of food yearly
Recycle (Coca Cola)
Started using "plant bottles" containing 30% plant material
Main target to reduce packaging efficiency by 25% and increase recycling by 50%
Reuse (Ecover)
Plastic waste accounts for 60% of all trash found of Europe beaches
Take plastic from ocean to make new sustainable and recyclable plastic bottles
Special boats that can gather 2-8 tonnes of plastic from ocean