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How effective was Tudor religious Policy between c.1529 and c.1579? (How…
How effective was Tudor religious Policy between c.1529 and c.1579?
How consistent was religious practice?
Henry
Did what happened in church follow what the Monarch ordered?
1544: English litany introduced to churches
BUT priests didn't have to use it
How should the Church be laid out?
Royal injunctions 1538
English bible to be in all parish churches
1544: english Litany introduced to churches
replaced the latin ones
Six articles 1539
auricular confessions allowed
How was the mass conducted?
before reformation was catholic and was popular
1539: act of six articles
allowed private masses
banned communion in both kinds
What ornaments were permitted?
Royal injunctions 1538
relics to be removed from churches
King's book 1543
attacked the use of images
Act of 10 articles: images allowed but not to worship
what vestments should the priests wear?
Elizabeth
Did what happened in church follow what the Monarch ordered?
places in more conservative Catholic places still getting away with catholic practices
Punishments for priests who did not use prayer book
didn't want to create martyrs so those punishments were never really carried out
How should the Church be laid out?
no stone but wooden altars??
Church to keep episcopa structure
How was the mass conducted?
Christmas 1558: ordered Priest not to raise the host
1559 book of common prayer included both versions of mass
Act of Uniformity 1559
plain baker's bread to be used in communion
What ornaments were permitted?
Act of uniformity 1559: ornaments to be retained in use
comdemned images and relics
royal injunctions 1559: removal of all things superstitious
what vestments should the priests wear?
1563 Parker's articles: catholic vestments to be worn
Clerical dress to be as was in moderate 1549 prayer book
Edward
Did what happened in church follow what the Monarch ordered?
some priests chanted the English book of common prayer like they would in Latin
1548: all images removed from church with little opposition
Consistent Protestant services across England and Book of Common Prayer bought
Altar stones and church plates may have been hidden and re arose during Mary's reign
How should the Church be laid out?
1547: Royal injunctions
superstitious images to be removed
1550: removal of stone altars and replacement by wooden ones
How was the mass conducted?
November 1552: Black Rubric proclamation
stated that kneeling to received the communion was out of good order, not idolatry
Royal injunctions 1547
services to be in English
What ornaments were permitted?
Images were not allowed
1549: proclamation ordering destruction of remainder images
what vestments should the priests wear?
1548: First book of Common prayer = traditional vestments
1552: second book of common prayer = no vestments
Mary
Did what happened in church follow what the Monarch ordered?
Yes, most people were catholic and conformed
Most protestant bishops were removed or fled the country
too many english prayer books
1557: harper did visitations in Kent (biggest supporter of Wyatt's rebellion)
all requirements of church had been met
How should the Church be laid out?
1557: Refoundation of some small religious houses
Stone altars and church plates that were hidden during Edward's reing reemerged
Parish churches required to have: a Rood screen with carved figures, hangings for weekends and holy days, High altar
How was the mass conducted?
1553: doctrine returned to six articles
meant transubstantiation was back in
Second act of Uniformity repealed = mass reinstated
What ornaments were permitted?
what vestments should the priests wear?
return to 6 articles meant traditional vestments to be worn
parish churches required to have two sets of vestments
How Well trained were religious personnel?
Mary
were they able to recruit and retain good quality archbishops, bishops, priests and monks?
kicks out priests that are married
1554: in diocese of NOrwich, 243 priets lost their posts
10% of clergy deprived for having married (some conformed and came back)
Lots of bishop roles with Mary not filled because of issues with the Pope
Pope refused to Ordain bishops
Jan 1554: exodus of 800 protestants to Europe (many of these clergy)
arrests
Hooper, Cranmer + Latimer = deficit of higher clergy
What strategies did the government put in place to educate the clergy in their chosen doctrine?
Pole's top down strategy
including London Synod and visitations
1554: Royal injuunctions
ordered clergy to surpress heresy, remove married clergy, rstore holy days
1555: publication of Bonner's book of homilies
1556: synod issued 12 decrees on clerical discipline
Could the government rely on well-trained clergy to carry out their policies?
A lot of them were already catholic because was still majority
1552 Prayer book was still in circulation
6 sees left vacant for majority of reign
Henry
Could the government rely on well-trained clergy to carry out their policies?
it's new so not that well trained
constantly changing
10 articles in 1536
6 articles in 1539
opposition to the reform meant that he reversed it = clergy more happy
What strategies did the government put in place to educate the clergy in their chosen doctrine?
prayer books
bishops book in 1537
four sacraments to be lesser
special status of priests now understated
BUT glossed over mass = didn't know what to do
1543: King's book
defended transubstantiation
encouraged preaching and attacked use of images
1544: English litany introduced
Controlling the clergy
Charged of praemunire in 1530
1532: submission of the clergy: accepted the King and not the pope as their law maker
were they able to recruit and retain good quality archbishops, bishops, priests and monks?
dissolved monasteries for money + to reduce opposition (carthusian monks)
Quite moderate so I'm assuming recruitment was alright
Elizabeth
Could the government rely on well-trained clergy to carry out their policies?
originally Marian bishops
only one agreed to the oath of Supremacy (Parker)
replaced with exiles that were radical and less trained
A lot of protestant clergy were extreme
didn't like a woman being head of the church
visitations 1559: meant to report back but took action themselves
thought settlement would become more extreme
also dispute over retention of crucifix
What strategies did the government put in place to educate the clergy in their chosen doctrine?
Parker's Advertisements
quite rejected
Educated them of vestiture
enforce Oath of Supremacy
visitations 1559: marian clergy removed, images destroyed, altars replaced
were they able to recruit and retain good quality archbishops, bishops, priests and monks?
made settlement quite moderate so clergy could still accept it
Supreme governor of the church
didn't punish clergy a lot because didn't want to create martyrs
1559 visitations = 400 marian clergy removed
Edward
were they able to recruit and retain good quality archbishops, bishops, priests and monks?
less people want to become priests because of the remnants of Catholicism
dissoved chantries = monks no longer a problem
clerical marriage was allowed = lots of priests got married and would be problem during mary
didn't persecute a lot of the lower clergy because needed them to stay
opposition
Bishop Gardiner
opposed ceremonies in english, image destruction and doctrinal change
Bonner also opposed
What strategies did the government put in place to educate the clergy in their chosen doctrine?
Second Book of Common prayer 1552
First book of common prayer 1549
`1547: book of homilies and paraphrases
had model sermons
1553: Catechism produced to teach main beliefs of the church in Q+A format
didn't have parlaimentary approval
Could the government rely on well-trained clergy to carry out their policies?
clergy were well trained and clearly protestant
Repeal of Treason act in 1547 = iconoclasm
1548: proclamation stating no preaching until new liturgy introduced
suggests that they couldn't control what the clergy was doing
English sermons often chanted in Latin
How well implemented were the religious policies
Edward
Were the policies popular to begin with?
1549: first prayer book was more moderate and therefore more popular
1552 second prayer book was a bit more drastic (think Edward died before anyone could oppose
How did they make sure their religious policies were being followed in localities?
visitations probably
making an example of the two rebellions = no further rebellion
How were transgressors punished?
not a lot of persecution, especially among lower clergy = less opposition
Gardiner expressed disagreement with image breaking and doctrinal change = sent to tower until Mary's reign
deprived of bishopric
Bonner also opposed having to preach Holy Comunion and preached about transubstantiation instead
put in prison and deprived of bishopric
Was this effective or did it make martyrs
I don't think it made martyrs
even with rebellions, tried to seek meetings first before punishing them
most people accepted it because of lack of persecution
Henry
Were the policies popular to begin with?
protestants were still a minority
Opposition
PoG
rumours of further reform + taxes
dissolution of the monstaries
More refused to take oath of succession
Most people remained catholic in their belief
end of papal supremacy and saints days seemed like anattack on purgatory = not very popular
some were protestants e.g. Cranmer and therefore liked it
How did they make sure their religious policies were being followed in localities?
Most traditional habits of 1520s continued into Henry's reign
Propaganda that was easy to read was released to defend henry
1535: visitations of all church and monastic property: lead to Valor Ecclesiasticus used to justify the dissolution of smaller monasteries
all clergy had to take the oaths
3 April 1535: all bishops instructed that clergy to preach Royal Supremacy (also gave them model sermons
1536: royal injunctions protected doctrine of church and anti-pope stance
How were transgressors punished?
1532 - 1540: 308 executed for treason
after small uprising after PoG a lot of them were rounded up and killed
He killed Pole's family
Was this effective or did it make martyrs
Carthusian monks = popular
Elizabeth
How were transgressors punished?
encourages people to not punish
Oath of supremacy
didn't ask twice so didn't have to execute
recusancy
Were the policies popular to begin with?
among most common people yes because they were still allowed to practice their faith without an issue
1559 book of common prayer allowed priests to state that communion was both an act of remembrance and that the body and blood of christ were really present in the bread and wine
could her supreme governor of the church = papists could still believe in papal authority
How did they make sure their religious policies were being followed in localities?
Visitations 1559 in Canterbury
1559-1564: 400 clergy resigned or were deprived
1563: Parker's advertisements
compromise in vestments
Was this effective or did it make martyrs
no martyrs create because of the compromise
not always effective: people didn't always follow it
1559 visitations were quite violent b/c thought settlement would get more drastic
Priests didn't want to wear vestments
some remote places continued catholic practices
In hereford, number of ppl accused of heresy was reduced
Mary
Were the policies popular to begin with?
Most people were Catholic so yes
Catholic ornaments resurfaced very quickly after her succession
How did they make sure their religious policies were being followed in localities?
replaced bishops w/ Catholic and deprived those who had been married
Bonner's book of homilies
London Synod under Pole
policy of censorship e.g. 1553: banned printing of seditious rumours
slander of Mary and Phillip were punishable by treason
BUT most protestant works were published abroad and then sent to England
How were transgressors punished?
300 were burned at the stake during her reign
some were exiled: 800 protestants fled in 1554
Wyatt's rebellion = 90 were killed
Was this effective or did it make martyrs
Wyatt became a martyr after his execution ppl dipped hankies in his blood
Lady Jane grey and husband were killed even though they were innocent
300 were burned including Cranmer, Hooper and Latimer
most opposition were among protestants and outside of London there was no strong reaction against the burnings
How coherent was doctrine
Henry
how salvations was gained
act of 10 articles 1536
penance consists of contrition, confession and reformation and is necessary for salvation
good works are necessary for justification
Who should read the bible
initially let everyone read the bible
1543: Act of advancement of the true religion = restricted to clerics, noblemen, gentry and richer merchants
The significance of Eucharist/Mass
originally denied transubstantiation in Act of Ten Articles 1536
Then burned someone for denying transubsantiation
10 articles: blood and body of christ present during Mass
act of 6 articles in 1539
communion in both kinds is not necessary
really body and blood of christ
private masses are allowed
denying transubstantiation = burn at stake
1537: no mass or transubstantiation in the Bishop's book
The importance of preaching/sermons
1543 priest's book
encouraged preaching
The relationship of the individual with God, and therefore how the Church hierarchy should be structured
Act of 10 articles 1536
remission of sins and reconciliation to God
good works necessary too
The role of vestments & ornaments (adiaphora)
Act of 10 articles 1536
images are useful for remembrances but not objects of worship
people liked using images of God for prayer
1543 King's book
attacked use of images
1538: relics to be removed from churches (confirmed rejection of purgatory)
Mary
How salvation is gained
I assume good works because she was catholic
Who should read the bible
Feb 1555: burned John Rogers, a biblical translator
1554: Church to use latin
The significance of the Eucharist/Mass
1553: Act of Repeal to undo protestant reformation
revived mass and transubstantiation implicitly
see 6 articles
1554: Bishops to return to 1547 religious policy
return to Latin Mass
The importance of preaching/sermons
The relationship of the individual with God, and therefore how the Church hierarchy should be structured
Educational programme by Pole = try and win over Catholic converts
The role of vestments & ornaments (adiaphora)
I assume traditional vestments
Elizabeth
Who should read the bible
1559: Book of common prayer meant that bible to be in English
The role of vestments & ornaments (adiaphora)
Catholic vestments
Chapel Royale used by foreigners had very Catholic appearance e.g. Crucifix
VESTMENTS CONTROVERSY (because of Parker's articles in 1563)
restored church to second prayer book by Edward in Act of Uniformity 1559
traditional vestments to be worn
Act of uniformity 1559: ornaments to be retained in use
The importance of preaching/sermons
could only do it with a license
1558: Forbade preaching
How salvation is gained
1563: Parker's Articles
Article 17 mentioned Calvinist view of predestination
The significance of the Eucharist/Mass
Christmas 1558: forbade priest from elevating host
1559 Book of Common Prayer
both versions of words priest spoke in mass
one denied transubstantiation and the other did not
see second book of common prayer
The relationship of the individual with God, and therefore how the Church hierarchy should be structured
Erastian model of the Church serving the state (sins should be punished by state not church)
Church to keep episcopal structure (bishops, priests, monks etc)
Edward
The importance of preaching/sermons
1547: act of Treason annuled
lead to iconoclasm
1548: preaching restricted to clergy
meant ppl could preach because no longer heresy
Sept 1548: proclamations saying no preaching until new liturgy introduced
July 1547: Book of Homilies and Paraphrases
Book of sermons to be read out by clergy who were unable to preach themselves
How salvation is gained
Book of Homilies 1547
sermon supporting justification by faith alone
1552: 42 acts
loosely based on predestination
never became law
Who should read the bible
1547: Royal injunctions
had to have an english bible in Parish churches
The significance of the Eucharist/Mass
1548: proclamation to dampen Protestant unrest
transubstantiation still in force
1548: Firs book of Common prayer
communion in both kinds
transubstantiation remained
1552: second book of common prayer
Eucharist ceremony in line with Calvinist belief in "spiritual presence"
Eucharist now called the Lord's Supper
altars replaced by communion tables
The relationship of the individual with God, and therefore how the Church hierarchy should be structured
Justification by faith alone
The role of vestments & ornaments (adiaphora)
Royal injunctions 1547
superstitious images to be removed from churches
February 1549
all images to be removed from churches
1548: first book of common prayer
traditional robes in church
1552: second book of common prayer
traditional vestments not to be worn
Dec 1549: proclamation ordering destruction of remainder of images
What are the problems with the evidence for this topic?
don't actually know what the laity wanted
they are illiterate
we know what rebellions think
it is difficult to say for sure
reduction in amount of money left in wills to Church under Henry
may be because they are protestant because they no longer believe in prayers of the dead
may be Catholic because they don't like the Church
change in wording of the wills is much more Protestant under Edward (how do you know this?)
could also be the lawyer