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American Literature (The Enlightenment (In an attempt to shift from a…

- - - - The works typically discuss the slaves' journey through slavery, being sold, and sold again often to a worse or more cruel owner. The story ends with their struggle to escape and ultimately freedom.
      - Harriet Jacobs
        
        First African-American slave woman with a slave narrative
        
        Author of "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl," which was published in 1858
        
        She aimed her work towards an audience of white women. She encouraged them not to judge her for her actions because survival is paramount and morality is a luxury.
      - Frederick Douglass
        
        Author of "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?" which was published in 1852
- - - - Operated with a sense that a new era was coming
        
        Focused on originality, individuality, and living deliberately
        
        Stimulated by German and English Romanticism
        
        Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were key figures in this literary movement
        
        While Emerson and Thoreau were the main figures in the Transcendentalist movement, their ideas began to drastically differ.
        
        Both writers focused on "living simply." However, Thoreau actually uprooted his life to live in the woods, away from society, to really live the simplest of lives.
        
        Thoreau had an appreciative observation of the natural world, and focused his beliefs on nature itself
        
        Thoreau was the author of "Walden, or Life in the Woods" which was published in 1854
        
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        Emerson encouraged each person to "find an original relation to the universe"
        
        Emerson was the author of "Self-Reliance" which was published in 1841
        
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- - - - Poe was an important re-interpreter of Gothic Fiction
        
        He focused more on the psychological aspects of his characters as they descended into madness
        
        The rational versus the irrational
      - Author of "The Fall of the House of Usher" which was published in 1839
        
        Navigates through the journey of aristocracy, death, decay, and madness
        
        "From that chamber, and from that mansion, I fled aghast. The storm was still abroad in all its wrath as I found myself crossing the old causeway. Suddenly there shot along the path a wild light, and I turned to see whence a gleam so unusual could have issued; for the vast house and its shadows were alone behind me."
      - He was a peculiar character, and often lived the same way he wrote
- - - - Cherokee writers
        
        William Apess (1798-1839)
        
        Author of "An Indians Looking-glass for the White man," which was published in 1833
        
        Felt very strongly about the harsh treatment by the European Americans onto the Native Americans
        
        Elias Boudinot (1804?-1839)
        
        Author of "The Cherokee Phoenix," which was published in 1828
        
        Black Hawk (1767?-1838)
        
        Author of "Life of Black Hawk," which was published in 1833
- - - - One of the most notable was the capture of Mary Rowlandson by the Native Americans.
        
        Mary Rowlandson (1637-1711)
        
        Author of "A Narrative and Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson" which was published in 1682
        
        A large focus on God
        
        She manages to turn a savage situation into a religious triumph
        
        Despite experiencing the loss and death of her child in her arms, in the end, she thanks God for her restoration
        
        She refrains from using words like "removes" and instead focuses her writing on how she adjusted to her new way of life in living with her Native American captors
        
        "And I hope I can say in some measure, as David did, "It is good for me that I have been afflicted." The Lord hath showed me the vanity of these outward things. That they are the vanity of vanities, and vexation of spirit, that they are but a shadow, a blast, a bubble, and things of no continuance. That we must rely on God Himself, and our whole dependence must be upon Him."
        
        In the end of her narrative she writes, "If trouble from smaller matters begin to arise in me, I have something at hand to check myself with, and say, why am I troubled?"
        
        She quite obviously has learned a lot from her troubling situation. Instead of complaining and making a negative out of it, she turns it around and puts even more of her faith into God.
        
        A colonial and Puritan woman living in Lancaster, Massachusetts when she was captured by the Native Americans in 1676
- - - - A key figure was Thomas Jefferson
        
        Author of "Notes on the State of Virginia" which was published in 1787
- - - - An intellectual, social, and artistic movement in Harlem, New York
      - Created new conceptions of being black in America
        
        Key Authors
        
        Zora Neale Hurston
        
        Author of "How it Feels to be Colored Me"
        
        Claude McKay
        
        Author of "If We Must Die"
        
        Langston Hughes
        
        Author of "I, Too" and "The Negro Speaks of Rivers"
        
        Using art to promote and encourage equal rights for black people in the 20th century
        
        Artistry is important in demonstrating what it means to be new, authentic, and proudly African-American in the U.S.
- - - - It has defined the struggles for acceptance in diverse groups.
        
        American literature, in parallel with America itself, is the inconsistent constant that makes it exactly what it is: undefinable.
- - - - Many of John Calvin's beliefs can be seen in the work of poet and Puritan, Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)
        
        Author of "The Prologue," which was published in 1637
        
        She wanted her readers to know that she understood and strongly believed that men were far better than women, yet she was considered "ironic" as she writes an exquisite poem proving women can be awesome and write, too.
        
        The first sustained body of American poetry
        
        Centered around Greek mythology and history
        
        "Let poets and historians set these forth, my obscure lines shall not so dim their worth."
        
        Strong uses of anaphora, or the repetition of a word or words at the beginning of two or more successive verses, clauses, or sentences
        
        Also the author of other works such as, "To My Dear and Loving Husband" and "To my Dear Children."
        
        Routinely examined her conscience and often wrestled to make sense of events
        
        Bradstreet strongly believed that the topics explored in her poetry were the divine works of God
        
        Her poems' turn inward was always an outward turn to God
- - - - Henry James
        
        Author of "Daisy Miller: A Study"
        
        Focused on the stress of society's view on one's own identity, and in this case, particularly the double-standard women face versus men
      - Walt Whitman
        
        Author of "Song of Myself" from Leaves of Grass
        
        Creates a democratic American landscape in his works
      - Emily Dickinson
        
        Author of "Because I could not stop for death," "Wild Nights," "There's a certain slant," and "Some keep."
        
        Turns inward on self reflection in a consuming reimagination of sex, death, and gender.
      - Charlotte Perkins Gilman
        
        Author of "The Yellow Wallpaper"
        
        Focused on the struggles of being a woman without work who falls deeper into madness due to an obsession with the yellow wallpaper in the "nursery" she uses for "rest."
- - - - "Sorry"
    - - "No Name Woman"
    - - "Inventory"